Polypeptides involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins, nucleotide sequences coding for these polypeptides and their use

ABSTRACT

The invention concerns methods for preparing pristinamycin IIA or IIB.

[0001] The present invention relates to novel polypeptides involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins, and also comprises the isolation and identification of genes for the biosynthesis of the A and B components of streptogramins, the expression of these genes with the object of increasing the levels of production and their use for the construction of blocked mutants capable of leading to the synthesis of novel antibiotics or to derived forms of streptogramins.

[0002] Streptogramins form a homogeneous group of antibiotics, consisting of a combination of two types of molecules which are chemically different; on the one hand polyunsaturated macrolactones (A-group components, two examples of structures of which are presented in FIG. 1), and on the other hand depsipeptides (B-group components, three examples of the structure of which are presented in FIG. 2). This group comprises many antibiotics (see Table 1 and FIG. 3), which are known by different names in accordance with their origin, including pristinamycins, mikamycins and virginiamycins (for a review, see Cocito 1979, 1983).

[0003] The A and B components have a synergistic antibacterial activity which can reach 100 times that of the separate components and which, in contrast to that of each component, is bactericidal (Cocito 1979). This activity is more especially effective against Gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci (Cocito 1979, Videau 1982). The A and B components inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome (Cocito 1979; for a review, see Di Giambattista et al. 1989).

[0004] Streptogramins are chiefly produced by actinomycetes, including many streptomycetes, presented in Table 1. In addition, streptogramins are also synthesized by eukaryotes such as Micromonospora which synthesizes vernamycins. Actinomycetes constitute a very important group of microorganisms on account of the large amount of secondary metabolites they produce, including many antibiotics (beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, polyacetates and the like), herbicides, anticancer agents, antifungal agents, immunomodulators and enzyme inhibitors. Many biosynthesis pathways relating to antibiotics belonging to miscellaneous classes as well as other secondary metabolites such as pigments (for a review, Chater 1990) have already been studied at the present time in actinomycetes. An important aspect of this group of bacteria is that the genes involved in the same biosynthesis pathway, structural genes and also resistance gene(s) and regulatory gene(s), are grouped together physically on the chromosome, constituting clusters which can reach more than 100 kb (Hopwood et al. 1986a, Hopwood et al. 1986b, Hallam et al. 1988, Anzai et al. 1987, Ohnuki et al. 1985). To date, no example has been found to contradict this observation. Such a structural organization is of great interest in the development of strategies for cloning biosynthesis genes. In effect, it is possible, starting from a single gene previously cloned by various techniques, a biosynthesis, resistance or regulatory gene, to walk along the chromosome and thus to isolate the set of genes of the biosynthesis cluster.

[0005] Our knowledge of the biosynthesis pathways of each of the components of streptogramins is still very incomplete, but the origin of the different parts of each molecule has been identified by radioactive labelling (Kingston et al. 1983). Thus, the A-type components are made up of two regions originating from the condensation of acetates and several amino acids such as serine and glycine, for example. As regards the B-type components, studies have shown that all the amino acids present in the peptide chain are derived from natural amino acids (Hook and Vining 1973). However, no polypeptide involved in these pathways has, to date, been purified in sufficient amounts to permit its molecular characterization, and no biosynthesis gene has been described. In the process of biosynthesis of the B-type components, two parts may be distinguished:

[0006] 1) Synthesis of the precursors, or of their analogues, of the macrocycle: 3-hydroxypicolinic acid, L-2-aminobutyric acid, p-dimethylamino-L-phenylalanine, 4-oxo-L-pipecolic acid, L-phenylglycine.

[0007] 2) Formation of the macrocycle from the precursors mentioned above, L-threonine and L-proline, or their analogues, with possible modification of these precursors or peptide N-methylation.

[0008] To date, only the probable metabolic origin of the precursors of the macrocycle of the B-type components has been determined by studies using labelled isotopes (Reed et al., 1986, Molinero et al., 1989, Reed et al., 1989).

[0009] The present invention results from the purification of polypeptides participating in the biosynthesis of streptogramins, as well as from the cloning of genes whose product participates in the biosynthesis of streptogramins. The term biosynthesis of streptogramins is understood to comprise the regulatory genes and the genes conferring resistance on the producing microorganisms. Thus, the present invention makes it possible to increase the levels of production of these metabolites by means of recombinant DNA techniques. Another benefit of the present invention lies in the possibility, by construction of mutants blocked in the different steps of this biosynthesis, of producing synthesis intermediates for each of the two components. These intermediates may serve as substrates for further modification for chemical, biochemical, enzymatic or microbiological means. Similarly, isolation of the biosynthesis genes makes it possible, by gene transfer between producing strains, to manufacture hybrid antibiotics having pharmacologically advantageous properties (Hopwood et al., 1985a, Hopwood et al., 1985b, Hutchinson et al. 1989). Another benefit of the present invention lies in the fact that it provides a better knowledge of the biosynthesis pathways of the metabolites classed as streptogramins. In effect, the invention enables bacterial or fungal strains to be constructed in which one or more proteins participating in the biosynthesis of streptogramins is/are expressed under the control of suitable expression signals. Such strains may then be used to carry out bioconversions. These bioconversions may be carried out either using whole cells, or using acellular extracts of the said cells. These bioconversions may enable a streptogramin to be converted to a derived form with an enzyme of a biosynthesis pathway. For example, pristinamycin IIB may be converted in this manner to pristinamycin IIA. The same reasoning may be applied to any biosynthesis intermediate.

[0010] A first subject of the invention hence relates to a nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins.

[0011] More especially, several genes whose product participates in the biosynthesis of streptogramins have been isolated from Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Since the streptogramins produced by this strain are more commonly designated by the term pristinamycins. (see Table 1), in what follows, reference will be made in some cases to genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins. However, it is clear that the results obtained apply to all the streptogramins. Pristinamycins I and II correspond, respectively, to the B and A components of streptogramins. Molecules of the pristinamycin II family and of the pristinamycin I family hence designate in what follows the A and B components of streptogramins, respectively.

[0012] The present invention describes in particular the isolation and characterization of the snaA, snaB snaC, snaD, papA, papM, samS, snbA, snbC, snbD, snbE and snbR genes. These genes were isolated from a library of genomic DNA of S.pristinaespiralis. This library was obtained by partial digestion of genomic DNA S.pristinaespiralis with the restriction enzyme Sau3A. Large DNA fragments, from 40 to 50 kb on average, were cloned into cosmid pHC79 (Hohn, B., and Collins, J. F., 1980). After in vitro encapsidation, E.coli strains HB101 (Boyer et Roulland-Dussoix, 1969) and DH1 (Low, 1968) were transfected. The DNA library of S.pristinaespiralis thus occurs in two different strains of E.coli.

[0013] The snaA, snaB and samS (initially designated SnaC genes are present on cosmid pIBV1 (FIG. 4). The product of the snaA and snaB genes, corresponding to the polypeptides SnaA and SnaB, participates in the final step of biosynthesis of the II component of pristinamycins (conversion of pristinamycin IIB to pristinamycin IIA), corresponding to the oxidation of the 2,3 bond of D-proline. These two polypeptides constitute the two subunits of pristinamycin IIA synthase, the purification of which is described in the present invention. The product of the samS gene is considered to participate in the synthesis of SAM (methyl group donor) from ATP and methionine. The A component of most streptogramins is, in effect, methylated at C-4 (FIG. 1), and this methyl has been described (Kingston et al., 1983) as being derived from the methyl of methionine, very probably via a methylation reaction with SAM. The samS gene is hence considered to code for a SAM synthase (SamS; EC. 2.5.1.6) which is specific to the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycins.

[0014] The snbA, snbR, papA and papM genes are present on cosmid pIBV2 (FIG. 5). The snbA gene corresponds, on the basis of the biochemical studies presented in Example 5, to the first step for synthesis of pristinamycins I. This comprises activation of the first acid of the chain, 3-hydroxypicolinic acid, by adenylation. The snbR gene might participate in the transport of molecules of the pristinamycin I (or possibly pristinamycin II) family out of the cell after synthesis, thereby conferring a resistance to this component on the producing strain. The papA gene corresponds, on the basis of sequence analyses (Example 8.8) and the study of a mutant disrupted in this gene (Example 9.3), to a gene for the biosynthesis of para-aminophenylalanine from chorismate. para-Aminophenyl-alanine is then dimethylated by the product of the papM gene, an N-methyltransferase described in the present invention, to form para-dimethylaminophenylalanine, which is then incorporated in pristinamycin IA. The papA and papM genes hence participate in the synthesis of one of the precursors of pristinamycin IA.

[0015] The snaA, snaD, snbC, snbD and snbE genes are present on cosmid pIBV3 (FIG. 6), which hence adjoins cosmid pIBV1 on which the snaA gene is already present. The snaD gene codes, on the basis of analysis of its sequence (Example 8.9) and the study of a mutant disrupted in this gene (Example 9.5), for a peptide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycin II. The snbC gene, whose product is described in the present invention, participates in the incorporation of threonine and aminobutyric acid residues in the peptide chain of pristinamycin IA. The snbD gene, whose product is also described in the present invention, is involved in the incorporation of proline and para-dimethylaminophenylalanine residues in the peptide chain of pristinamycin IA. It also governs the N-methylation of the peptide bond between these 2 residues. Lastly, the snbE gene, whose product is also described in the present invention, participates in the incorporation of the last two residues of pristinamycin IA, namely phenylglycine and 4-oxopipecolic acid.

[0016] The snaC gene is present on cosmid pIBV4 (FIG. 7). It codes for an FMN:NADH oxidoreductase, also designated FMN reductase, described in the present invention and which supplies pristinamycin IIA synthase with FMNH₂ from FMN and NADH. The snaC gene hence participates in the final step of the biosynthesis of pristinamycin IIA.

[0017] These different genes were subcloned from their cosmid of origin and their nucleic acid sequences were determined. The snaA, snaB and samS genes were subcloned on a 6-kb BamHI-BamHI fragment, a portion of which was sequenced (SEQ ID no. 1). The snbA gene was subcloned in a 5.5-kb EcoRI-BglII fragment, a portion of which was sequenced (SEQ ID no. 5). The snbR gene was subcloned in a 4.6-kb BglII-BglII fragment, a portion of which was sequenced (SEQ ID no. 6). A portion of the papA gene was subcloned in a 3.4-kb XhoI-XhoI fragment, a portion of which was sequenced (SEQ ID no. 9). The papM gene was subcloned in a 4.1-kb PstI-PstI fragment, a portion of which was sequenced (SEQ ID no. 10). A portion of the snaD gene was subcloned in a 1.5-kb BamHI-SstI fragment, a portion of which was sequenced (SEQ ID no. 8). A portion of the snbC gene was subcloned on a 6.2-kb SphI-SphI fragment, 2 regions of which were sequences (SEQ ID nos. 11 and 12). A portion of the snbD gene was subcloned on an 8.4-kb SphI-SphI fragment, 2 regions of which were sequenced (SEQ ID Nos. 13 and 14). A portion of the snbE gene was subcloned on a 6.6-kb SphI-SphI fragment, 2 regions of which were sequenced (SEQ ID Nos. 15 and 16). The snaC gene was subcloned in a 4-kb BamHI-BamHI fragment, a portion of which was sequenced (SEQ ID no. 7).

[0018] The proximity of the snaA, snaB, snaD, samS, snbC, snbD and snbE genes on the one hand, as well as the snbA, snbR, papA and papM genes, confirms the cluster localization of the genes for biosynthesis of the A and B components of streptogramins. Furthermore, the 4 cosmids described in the present invention are grouped together in a region of the chromosome whose size is estimated at 200 kb by pulsed-field electrophoresis, equivalent to 3% of the total genome (7500 kb) of Streptomyces pristinaespiralis (Example 13). It is hence obvious that the regions surrounding the genes identified in the present invention (snaA, snaB, snaD, samS, snbC, snbD and snbE; snbA, snbR, papA and papM; snaC) contain the other genes of the pristinamycin biosynthesis cluster, and that these genes may be used to localize the other genes for the biosynthesis of streptogramins.

[0019] Preferably, the subject of the invention is a nucleotide sequence chosen from:

[0020] (a) all or part of the snaA (SEQ ID no. 2), snaB (SEQ ID no. 3), snaC (SEQ ID no. 7), snaD (SEQ ID no. 8), papA (SEQ ID no. 9), papM (SEQ ID no. 10), samS (SEQ ID no. 4), snbA (SEQ ID no. 5), snbC (SEQ ID nos. 11 and 12), snbD (SEQ ID nos. 13 and 14), snbE (SEQ ID nos. 15 and 16) and snbR (SEQ ID no. 6) genes,

[0021] (b) the sequences adjacent to the genes (a) constituting the biosynthesis clusters and coding for the polypeptides involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins,

[0022] (c) the sequences which hybridize with all or part of the genes (a) or (b) and which code for a polypeptide involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins, and

[0023] (d) the sequences derived from the sequences (a), (b) and (c) owing to the degeneracy of the genetic code.

[0024] Still more preferably, the subject of the invention is the nucleotide sequences represented by the snaA (SEQ ID no. 2), snaB (SEQ ID no. 3), snaC (SEQ ID no. 7), snaD, (SEQ ID no. 8), papA (SEQ ID no. 9), papM (SEQ ID no. 10), samS (SEQ ID no. 4), snbA (SEQ ID no. 5), snbC (SEQ ID nos. 11 and 12), snbD (SEQ ID nos. 13 and 14), snbE (SEQ ID nos. 15 and 16) and snbR (SEQ ID no. 6) genes.

[0025] Another subject of the invention relates to any recombinant DNA comprising a gene for the biosynthesis of streptogramins. More preferably, this is a recombinant DNA comprising all or part of cosmids pIBV1, pIBV2, pIBV3 or pIBV4 as shown in FIGS. 4 to 7, or all or part of sequences which hybridize with cosmids pIBV1 to pIBV4 or with fragments of these latter.

[0026] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the nucleotide sequences defined above form part of an expression vector, which can be autonomously replicating or integrative.

[0027] As stated above, although the invention is more especially illustrated with the genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycin, it is clear that the results obtained apply to all streptogramins.

[0028] More especially, the techniques developed in the present invention for purifying proteins or cloning genes for the biosynthesis of streptogramins from S. pristinaespiralis may be applied to other microorganisms producing streptogramins (see Table 1).

[0029] Thus, the purification of an enzymatic activity from S. pristinaespiralis makes it possible to purify the same activity from another strain producing streptogramin. The present invention may hence by applied to the cloning of genes for the biosynthesis of streptogramins from any producing microorganism, by purification of a protein participating in the biosynthesis and then, using the NH₂-terminal sequence thereof, synthesis of an oligonucleotide probe which enables the corresponding gene to be cloned. Chromosome walking then enables the whole biosynthesis cluster to be identified.

[0030] Furthermore, from the genes identified in the present application, it is possible, by hybridization, to clone the genes for the biosynthesis of streptogramins directly from the DNA of another producing microorganism. In effect, the genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins hybridize strongly with those for the other streptogramins. It is thus possible to clone, by hybridization, the genes for the biosynthesis of streptogramins using as a probe the sna, snb or pap genes, or fragments of the latter, or fragments adjacent to these containing, as is shown in the present invention, other sna and snb genes. This is due to the fact that: 1) the streptogramins produced by the different microorganisms have identical or similar structures (see FIG. 3), 2) the genes for the biosynthesis of streptogramins are organized in clusters, and 3) the enzyme systems responsible for this biosynthesis do not have an absolute specificity for their substrates.

[0031] Moreover, the cloning of genes involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins may also be carried out using degenerate oligonucleotides, prepared from the sequences of the sna or snb genes mentioned above, or fragments of these genes, or fragments adjacent to these genes. It is thus possible to take one's pick of the genes for the biosynthesis of the A and B components of the different strains producing streptogramins. These strains can belong to the genus Streptomyces, and also to other genera (see Table 1). In addition, if the genomic DNA of the starting strains used has a G+C composition different from that observed in Streptomyces, the probes used may be synthesized with a codon bias specific to the genus or species from which it is desired to isolate the DNA.

[0032] Another subject of the present invention relates to the polypeptides resulting from the expression of the nucleotide sequences defined above. More especially, the present invention relates to polypeptides comprising all or part of the polypeptides SnaA (SEQ ID no. 2), SnaB (SEQ ID no. 3), SnaC (SEQ ID no. 7), SnaD (SEQ ID no. 8), PapA (SEQ ID no. 9), PapM (SEQ ID no. 10), SamS (SEQ ID no. 4), SnbA (SEQ ID no. 5), SnbC (SEQ ID nos. 11 and 12), SnbD (SEQ ID nos. 13 and 14), SnbE (SEQ ID no. 15 and 16) and SnbR (SEQ ID no. 6) or of derivatives of these. Within the meaning used in the present invention, the term derivative denotes any molecule obtained by modification of a genetic and/or chemical nature of the peptide sequence. Modification of a genetic and/or chemical nature is understood to mean any mutation, substitution, deletion, addition and/or modification of one or more residues. Such derivatives may be generated for different purposes, such as, in particular, that of increasing the affinity of the peptide for its substrate(s), that of improving its levels of production, that of increasing its resistance to proteases, that of increasing and/or modifying its activity, or that of endowing it with novel biological properties. Among derivatives resulting from an addition, there may be mentioned, for example, chimeric polypeptides containing an additional heterologous portion attached to one end. The term derivative also comprises polypeptides homologous to the polypeptides described in the present invention and originating from other cell sources, and in particular from strains producing streptogramins.

[0033] The subject of the invention is also any recombinant cell containing a nucleotide sequence or a vector as defined above. The recombinant cells according to the invention can equally well be eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells. Among eukaryotic cells which are suitable, animal cells, yeasts or fungi may be mentioned. In particular, as regards yeasts, yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Schwanniomyces or Hansenula may be mentioned. As regards animal cells, COS, CHO, C127 cells, Xenopus eggs, and the like, may be mentioned. Among fungi, special mention may be made of Micromonospora, Aspergillus ssp. or Trichoderma ssp. As prokaryotic cells, it is preferable to use the following bacteria: Actinomycetes, and Streptomyces in particular, E. coli (Example 11), Bacillus. Preferably, the recombinant cells of the invention are chosen from cells producing streptogramins (see Table 1). The recombinant cells of the invention may be obtained by any method which enables a foreign nucleotide sequence to be introduced into a cell. It can be, in particular, transformation, electroporation, conjugation, protoplast fusion or any other technique known to a person skilled in the art.

[0034] A further subject of the invention is a method for producing a polypeptide involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins, according to which a recombinant cell as defined above is cultured and the polypeptide produced is recovered.

[0035] The subject of the invention is also the use of a recombinant cell as defined above, expressing at least one polypeptide involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins, in a bioconversion reaction. In particular, these cells can enable a streptogramin to be converted into a derived form. For example, pristinamycin IIB can be converted in this manner to pristinamycin IIA. The same reasoning may be applied to any biosynthesis intermediate. These cells can also enable hybrid antibiotics having advantageous pharmacological properties to be manufactured (Hopwood et al. 1985a, Hopwood et al. 1985b, Hutchinson et al. 1989). These bioconversions may be carried out either using whole cells, or using acellular extracts of the said cells.

[0036] Another subject of the invention relates to the use of a nucleotide sequence as defined above for amplifying streptogramin production. The invention also relates to a method for producing streptogramins, according to which one or more nucleotide sequences according to the invention is/are introduced and/or amplified in a cell producing streptogramins or which is potentially a producer of streptogramins, the said cell is cultured under conditions of streptogramin production, and the streptogramins produced are recovered.

[0037] The overexpression of certain genes involved in the biosynthesis can enable the streptogramin A and/or B production of the producing strains to be increased. This overproduction may be carried out in several strains: either strains which produce only molecules of the streptogramin A family, or strains which produce only molecules of the streptogramin B family, or strains which produce both the A and B components. These overexpressions can result from an increase in the level of synthesis, and hence in the productivity, of the A and/or B components, either in an Erlenmeyer, or in small fermenters, or in large industrial fermenters. Moreover, the specific overexpression of a gene involved in the biosynthesis of an A or B component also makes it possible to vary the % of A and B components produced by the strain, and thus to obtain a better synergy between these molecules. In addition, the biosynthesis genes isolated from a microorganism producing streptogramins may be used to amplify production in another producing microorganism.

[0038] Another subject of the invention relates to a method for preparing cells blocked in a step of the pathway of biosynthesis of streptogramins, according to which a mutagenesis is performed on at least one gene of the biosynthesis pathway, on a cell producing streptogramins.

[0039] Preferably, the mutagenesis is performed in vitro or in situ, by suppression, substitution, deletion and/or addition of one or more bases in the gene in question, or by gene disruption.

[0040] Another aspect of the present invention lies, in effect, in the construction of mutants blocked in certain steps of biosynthesis of streptogramins. The value lies, on the one hand in the study of the functionality of the mutated proteins, and on the other hand in the production of strains producing biosynthesis intermediates. These intermediates may be modified, where appropriate after separation, either by adding particular components to the production media, or by introducing into the strains thus mutated other genes capable of modifying the intermediate by acting as a substrate for them. These intermediates may thus be modified by chemical, biochemical, enzymatic and/or microbiological means. In this context, the mutant SP92::pVRC505 of S. pristinaespiralis strain SP92 was constructed: S. pristinaespiralis SP92::pVRC505 was isolated by homologous integration in the snaA gene of a suicide plasmid pVRC505, constructed from the vector pDH5 and a fragment internal to the snaA gene. The following mutants were also constructed: SP92 samS::QamR; SP92::pVRC508; SP92::pVRC404 and SP92::pVRC1000 (Example 9).

[0041] The invention hence also relates to a method for preparing an intermediate of the biosynthesis of streptogramins, according to which:

[0042] a cell blocked in a step of the pathway of biosynthesis of streptogramins is prepared as described above,

[0043] the said cell is cultured, and

[0044] the accumulated intermediate is recovered.

[0045] The invention also relates to a method for preparing a molecule derived from streptogramins, according to which:

[0046] a cell blocked in a step of the pathway of biosynthesis of streptogramins is prepared as described above,

[0047] the said cell is cultured, and

[0048] the intermediate accumulated by this cell is modified, where appropriate after separation of the culture medium.

[0049] The present invention is illustrated by means of the examples which follow, which are to be considered as illustrative and non-limiting.

LIST OF FIGURES

[0050]FIG. 1: Example of structure of the A components of streptogramins.

[0051]FIG. 2: Example of structure of the B components of streptogramins.

[0052]FIG. 3: Other examples of structures of streptogramins.

[0053]FIG. 4: Diagram of cosmid pIBV1.

[0054]FIG. 5: Diagram of cosmid pIBV2.

[0055]FIG. 6: Diagram of cosmid pIBV3.

[0056]FIG. 7: Diagram of cosmid pIBV4.

[0057]FIG. 8: Reaction catalysed by pristinamycin IIA synthase.

[0058]FIG. 9: Reaction catalysed by 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase.

[0059]FIG. 10: Reaction catalysed by SnbC.

[0060]FIG. 11: Reaction catalysed by SnbD.

[0061]FIG. 12: Reaction catalysed by SnbE.

[0062]FIG. 13: Reaction catalysed by SnaC.

[0063]FIG. 14: Reaction catalysed by PapM.

[0064]FIG. 15: Diagram of plasmids pVRC402 (A) and pVRC501 (B).

[0065]FIG. 16: Diagram of plasmid pXL2045.

[0066]FIG. 17: Diagram of plasmid pVRC1105.

[0067]FIG. 18: Diagram of plasmid pVRC1106.

[0068]FIG. 19: Diagram of plasmid pVRC1104.

[0069]FIG. 20: Diagram of plasmid pVRC900.

[0070]FIG. 21: Diagram of plasmid pVRC1000.

[0071]FIG. 22: Diagram of plasmid pVRC509.

[0072]FIG. 23: Diagram of plasmid pVRC903.

[0073]FIG. 24: Diagram of plasmid pVRC409.

[0074]FIG. 25: Diagram of plasmid pVRC505.

[0075]FIG. 26: Diagram of plasmid pVRC701.

[0076]FIG. 27: Diagram of plasmid pVRC702.

[0077]FIG. 28: Diagram of plasmid pVRC508.

[0078]FIG. 29: Diagram of plasmid pVRC404.

[0079]FIG. 30: Diagram of plasmid pVRC507.

[0080]FIG. 31: Diagram of plasmid pVRC706.

[0081]FIG. 32: General map.

MATERIALS

[0082] Bio-Sil SEC 125 and 250 columns (Bio-Rad)

[0083] MonoQ HR 5/5, 10/10 and 16/10 columns (Pharmacia)

[0084] PD-10 column (Pharmacia)

[0085] Superose 6 HR 10/30 column (Pharmacia)

[0086] Superdex 200 Hi-Load 16/60 and 75 HR 10/30 column (Pharmacia)

[0087] Superose 12 prep grade column (Pharmacia).

[0088] Vydac C4 and C18 columns (The Separations Group)

[0089] Nucleosil 5-C18 column (Macherey-Nagel)

[0090] Phenyl Superose HR 10/10 column (Pharmacia)

[0091] TSK G2000 SW column (Tosoh, Japan)

[0092] Phenyl Sepharose (Pharmacia)

[0093] FMN-agarose (Sigma)

[0094] Q Sepharose Fast Flow (Pharmacia)

[0095] Sephadex G-25 Fine (Pharmacia)

[0096] Centricon 10 or 30 (Amicon)

[0097] Centriprep 10 or 30 (Amicon)

[0098] Centrilutor (Amicon)

EXAMPLE 1 Isolation of Total DNA of Streptomyces pristinaespiralis Strain SP92

[0099] This example illustrates how S. pristinaespiralis SP92 DNA may be purified.

[0100]S. pristinaesdiralis strain SP92 is derived from S. pristinaespiralis strain DS5647 (ATCC25486).

[0101] 50 ml of YEME medium (34% sucrose, 5 mM MgCl₂, 0.25% glycine (D. Hopwood et al. 1985)) are inoculated with 10⁸ S.pristinaespiralis SP92 spores, and the culture is incubated for 40 hours at 30° C. with stirring at 280 rpm.

[0102] The mycelium is harvested and washed with 15 ml of 10.3% sucrose. Approximately 1 g of the mycelium pellet is taken up with 5 ml of TE supplemented with 34% of sucrose, to which are added 1 ml of lysozyme at a concentration of 50 mg/ml in 10 mM Tris-HCl solution pH 8.0 and 1 ml of 0.25 M EDTA pH 8.0. After incubation at 30° C. for a period of 30 to 60 min, the mixture is clarified by adding 0.8 ml of 10% sarkosyl. 2 ml of 0.25 M EDTA pH 8.0, 10 ml of TE, 18 g of CsCl and 1.2 ml of ETB at a concentration 10 mg/ml are then added. The preparation is ultracentrifuged overnight at 55,000 rpm at 20° C.

[0103] The chromosomal DNA, present in the CsCl gradient in the form of a band, is recovered using a Pasteur pipette. The ETB is removed by several washes with a solution of isopropanol saturated with TE buffer, 5 M NaCl. The DNA is precipitated by adding 3 volumes of TE and 4 volumes of isopropanol. After washing with 70% ethanol, the DNA is taken up in a suitable volume of TE. The total amount of DNA obtained varies between 250 and 500 μg per g of mycelium.

EXAMPLE 2 Isolation of E. coli Plasmid DNA

[0104] This example illustrates how E. coli plasmid DNA is prepared from recombinant strains of E. coli.

2.1. Preparation of E.coli Plasmid DNA in Large Amounts

[0105] This example illustrates how maxi preparations of plasmid DNA are produced in E. coli.

[0106] This preparation is performed using a 500 ml culture in LB medium containing 150 μg/ml of ampicillin. The extraction protocol is derived from the methods described by Birnboim and Doly (1979) and Ish-Horowicz and Burke (1981), and is described in Maniatis et al. (1989).

[0107] After this extraction, the plasmid DNA is purified using a CsCl gradient as described by Maniatis et al. (1989). The plasmid DNA is then precipitated by adding 3 volumes of TE and 4 volumes of isopropanol. After centrifugation, the pellet is taken up in 0.5 to 1 ml of TE.

2.2. Preparation of E. coli Plasmid DNA in Small Amounts

[0108] This example illustrates how minipreparations of plasmid DNA are produced in E. coli.

[0109] This preparation is carried out using 1.5 ml of culture in LB medium containing 150 μg/ml of ampicillin. The procedure is that described by Birnboim and Doly (1979).

EXAMPLE 3 Construction of the Genomic DNA Library of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 in E. coli and Preparation of Hybridization Membranes

[0110] This example illustrates how a genomic DNA library of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 is Produced in E. coli.

3.1. Preparation of Genomic DNA Fragments

[0111] This example illustrates how high molecular weight genomic DNA fragments may be prepared.

[0112] Total DNA of the strain SP92, prepared as described in Example 1, is partially digested with Sau3A (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass. 01915-5510 USA) in the buffer recommended by the supplier: 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 10 mM MgCl₂, 100 μg/ml BSA. The amount of enzyme used to obtain high molecular weight DNA fragments was determined empirically. Approximately 0.025 enzyme units are used to digest 1 μg of total DNA for 20 min at 37° C. The reaction is then stopped by incubation for 15 min at 65° C., and the enzyme is removed by adding an equal volume of phenol/chloroform. After centrifugation, the supernatant containing the partially digested total DNA is precipitated by adding 0.3 M final sodium acetate and 2.5 volumes of ethanol.

[0113] Approximately 100 μg of total DNA are digested in this way, and DNA fragments between 30 and 50 kb in size are isolated with a 10-40% sucrose gradient. Their size is verified by electrophoresis on 0.4% agarose gel.

3.2. Preparation of Cosmid pHC79

[0114] This example illustrates how cosmid pHC79 is prepared from E. coli.

[0115] Cosmid pHC79 (Hohn, B. and Collins, 1980) comprises a portion of pBR322 (Bolivar, F. et al., 1977), the cro-cII region of λ and the region containing the cos sequence of Charon 4A (Blattner, F. R. et al., 1977).

[0116] Extraction of the cosmid was carried out as described in Example 2.1., from an E. coli strain TG1 (K12, Δ(lac-pro) supE thi hsd DS F′ traD36 proA⁺B⁺ lacIq LacZ ΔM15, Gibson, 1984).

[0117] 500 ng of cosmid pHC79 are digested with BamHI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass. 01915-5510 USA) in 20 μl of buffer comprising 150 mM NaCl, 6 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9, 6 mM MgCl₂, 6 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 μg/ml BSA.

3.3. Ligation of the DNA Fragments and the Cosmid

[0118] This example illustrates how the fragments of the S. pristinaespiralis SP92 genome originating from an Sau3A digestion may be ligated with the BamHI-linearized vector pHC79.

[0119] Approximately 150 ng of cosmid linearized as described above were precipitated by means of ethanol with 350 ng of fragments of total DNA of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 prepared as described in Example 3.2. The pellet was taken up in 10 μl of ligation buffer: 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.8, 10 mM MgCl₂, 20 mM DTT, 1 Mm ATP, 50 μg/ml of BSA, and 0.5 μl of T4 DNA ligase at a concentration of 400,000 units per ml (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass. 01915-5510 USA) were added. Incubation was carried out overnight at 15° C.

3.4. Carrying Out Encapsidation In Vitro

[0120] This example illustrates how the cosmids constructed in 3.3 are encapsidated in vitro.

[0121] Encapsidation of the hybrid cosmids after ligation was carried out using the Gigapack II Gold kit developed by Stratagene (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA).

[0122] 2×4 μl of ligation mixture, equivalent to 2×70 ng of hybrid cosmids, were encapsidated in vitro according to the procedure described by the supplier.

3.5. Transfection of E. coli Strains DH1 and HB101

[0123] This example illustrates how the cosmids are introduced into E. coli.

[0124] Two transfections were carried out in parallel with E. coli strains DH1 (F⁻gyrA96 recA1 relA1 endA1 thi-1 hsdR17 supE44L-, Low 1968) and HB101 (F⁻supE44 hsdS20(rB⁻mB⁻) recA13 ara-14 proA2 lacY1 galK2 rpsL20 xyl-5 mtl-1, Boyer and Roulland-Dussoix 1969).

[0125] The cells were prepared according to the following protocol: a 100-ml preculture is produced in LB medium supplemented with 0.2% maltose and 10 mM MgSO₄ for 4 to 5 hours until the OD₆₀₀ reaches a value of 0.8. The culture is then centrifuged, and the pellet is taken up in 40 ml of 10 mM MgSO₄ and diluted to OD₆₀₀=0.5 in the same solution. 200 μl of the cell suspension thus prepared are mixed with 100 μl of encapsidation mixture. After 20 min of contact at 37° C., 1 ml of LB is added and the whole is incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. The transfectants are then selected on solid LB medium containing 150 μg/ml of ampicillin. The number of transfectants obtained is approximately 10⁴ per μg of recombinant cosmid.

3.6. Storage of Genomic DNA Libraries of S. pristinaespiralis SP92

[0126] This example illustrates how the genomic DNA libraries of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 are stored.

[0127] After verification of the average size of the fragments inserted into cosmid pHC79, approximately 1500 colonies originating from each of the transfections carried out with the strains HB101 and DH1 are subcultured in 96-well microtitration plates containing 200 μl of Hogness medium (LB medium supplemented with 8.8% glycerol, 3 mM sodium acetate, 55 mM K₂HPO₄, 26 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 15 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 150 μg/ml ampicillin). These plates are incubated overnight at 37° C. and then stored at −80° C.

3.7. Preparation of Hybridization Membranes from Genomic Libraries of S. pristinaespiralis SP92

[0128] This example illustrates how the DNA of the colonies constituting the genomic libraries of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 is transferred onto a hybridization membrane.

[0129] These hybridization membranes were produced in duplicate for each of the 2 libraries according to the following protocol:

[0130] The 15 microtitration plates of each library are replicated using a replica plater on LB agar medium containing 150 μg/ml of ampicillin. After growth overnight at 37° C., colony transfer is performed onto a Biohylon Z⁺ membrane (Bioprope System) according to the following protocol: the membrane is cut to the appropriate size and left in contact with the colonies for 1 min. Denaturation is then performed by soaking the membrane with 0.5 M NaOH, 1.5 M NaCl solution for 5 min, followed by neutralization by soaking the membrane in 3 M sodium acetate solution for 5 min. The DNA is fixed to the membrane by exposure under a UV lamp for 5 min.

EXAMPLE 4 4.1. Preparation of Chromosomal DNA of S. pristinaespiralis Strain SP92 and Strains Derived from SP92 in the Form of Inserts for Pulsed-Field Electrophoresis

[0131] This example illustrates how DNA of S. pristinaespiralis strain SP92 and strains derived from SP92 is prepared in the form of inserts for pulsed-field electrophoresis.

[0132] This preparation is made from a mycelium culture obtained in the following manner: 30 ml of YEME medium containing 0.25% of glycine are inoculated with 10⁸ spores of the strain under study, and the culture is incubated for 48 hours at 30° C. and stirred at 280 rpm in 250-ml Erlenmeyers. The mycelium is then harvested by centrifugation for 10 min at 3800 rpm and washed twice with 10% sucrose. The mycelium pellet is then resuspended in 5 ml of solution I (250 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 20.6% sucrose). To 200 Ml of mycelium thereby obtained, 400 Ml of a lysozyme solution at a concentration of 50 mg/ml in solution I together, with 800 Ml of 1% LMP agarose in 25 mM EDTA pH 8 and 10.3% sucrose, maintained at 42° C., are added. The mixture maintained at 42° C. is then poured into the wells of special combs, which are closed with adhesive tape and kept for 30 min at 4° C. The mixture solidifies, and the 30 to 40 inserts thereby obtained and contained in the wells are carefully removed from the moulds.

[0133] The inserts are first rinsed for 30 min at 4° C. in a solution containing 25 mM EDTA and 10.3% sucrose. They are then soaked in a solution of 500 mM EDTA, 1% lauryl sarcosyl and 1 mg/ml of proteinase K for twice 24 hours at 50° C., stirring from time to time. The inserts are then washed for 3 times one hour in TE containing 1 mM PMSF, changing the solution after each wash. The inserts thereby obtained are stored at 4° C. for not more than 4 months in 0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0.

4.2. Digestion of Inserts of DNA of S. pristinaespiralis Strain SP92 and Strains Derived from SP92 and Analysis by Pulsed-Field Electrophoresis

[0134] This example illustrates how chromosomal DNA of S. pristinaespiralis strain SP92 and strains derived from SP92, prepared in the form of inserts as described in Example 4.1., is cut with different restriction enzymes for pulsed-field electrophoresis.

4.2.1. Digestion of Chromosomal DNA in the Form of Inserts

[0135] The inserts are first washed six times in TE, and then incubated twice for one hour in the buffer of the chosen restriction enzyme. Each insert is then placed in the lid of an Eppendorf tube containing 160 Ml of buffer of the restriction enzyme and 40 units of enzyme. The whole is covered with Parafilm, and the Eppendorf is closed to hold in place the Parafilm which enables any evaporation of the buffer to be avoided. The tubes are incubated at the desired temperature in an incubator overnight.

4.2.2. Analysis of Digested DNA by Pulsed-Field Electrophoresis

[0136] The pulsed-field electrophoresis technique chosen for this study is that of the CHEF (Clamped Homogenous Electric Field) system developed by Chu et al. (1986), which makes it possible to obtain two homogeneous alternating fields oriented at 120° with respect to one another and linear trajectories for the DNA molecules. The apparatus used is the “Pulsafor System” marketed by Pharmacia-LKB.

[0137] The electrophoretic migration paratmeters, such as the pulse time and the migration period, were varied so as to obtain an optimal separation of DNA fragments ranging in size between 10 and 2500 kb. The three migration conditions used are as follows: to separate large fragments from 200 to 1700 kb in size, the chosen migration is 40 hours with a pulse time of 90 seconds; to separate fragments from 50 to 400 kb in size, the chosen migration is 20 hours with a pulse time of 10 seconds followed by 20 hours with a pulse time of 30 seconds; lastly, to separate smaller fragments from 10 kb to 200 kb in size, the chosen migration is 24 hours with a pulse time of 10 seconds. For these three migration conditions, the voltage is set at a constant 150 volts, the temperature is maintained at 13° C. and the electrophoresis gels contain 1.3% of agarose.

[0138] The inserts containing chromosomal DNA of S. pristinaespiralis strain SP92 and strains derived from SP92 are digested with the restriction enzymes as described above and are placed in the wells of the electrophoresis gel using two scalpel blades. The molecular weight markers used are “Yeast chromosome PFG marker” and “Lambda Ladder PFG marker” marketed by the company New England Biolabs. Migration is performed under one of the conditions described above and the gel is then stained in a bath of ETB (ethidium bromide) at a concentration of 4 Mg/ml for 20 min and thereafter decolorized in water for 20 min. After the gel is photographed, the DNA fragments are transferred onto a nylon membrane and then hybridized with [α-³²P]dCTP-labelled probes as described in Example 9.1.

EXAMPLE 5 Isolation of Cosmids Carrying the Genes Coding for Purified Proteins Involved in the Biosynthesis of Streptogramins

[0139] This example describes how, starting from a purified protein participating in biosynthesis of pristinamycins and whose NH₂-terminal sequence or an internal sequence has been established, it is possible to isolate a cosmid carrying the structural gene for this same protein from the genomic libraries produced above, or alternatively to identify the corresponding structural gene from among the genes carried by the cosmids and which have already been sequenced.

5.1. Isolation of Cosmids pIBV1 and pIBV3 Carrying One or Both Structural Genes for the Two Subunits of Pristinamycin IIA Synthase 5.1.1. Identification and Purification of One of the Proteins Involved in the Final Step of the Synthesis of Pristinamycins II: Pristinamycin IIA Synthase

[0140] As stated in the introduction, the final step of synthesis of pristinamycin IIA corresponds to an oxidation of the 2,3 bond of D-proline to dehydroproline. The protein responsible for this activity has been purified to homogeneity, as illustrated by this example.

5.1.1.A. Assay of Pristinamycin IIA Synthase Activity

[0141] This example illustrates the assay of an activity of the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IIA which has never before been described and which possesses the noteworthy property of being expressed only during the period of production of pristinamycins. The enzyme in question is pristinamycin IIA synthase, which catalyses the conversion of pristinamycin IIB to pristinamycin IIA by oxidation of the D-proline residue of pristinamycin IIB to a 2,3-dehydroproline residue (FIG. 8) in the presence of molecular oxygen and FMNH₂. The enzyme fractions to be assayed (0.002 to 0.005 units) are incubated for 1 h at 27° C. in a total volume of 500 ml of 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer pH 6.8 containing NADH (500 μM), FMN (5 μM), pristinamycin IIB (20 μM) and 0.02 units of FMN reductase (Boehringer Mannheim).

[0142] The pristinamycin IIA formed is assayed by HPLC after incubation is stopped by adding 500 μl of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and 500 μl of acetonitrile and centrifugation of the sample for 5 min at 5000 g. 150 μl of the centrifugation supernatant are injected onto a 15-cm Nucleosil 5-C8 column eluted with a mixture of 34% of acetonitrile and 66% of 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 2.9. Pristinamycins IIA and IIB are detected by means of their UV absorbance at 206 nm.

[0143] The unit of enzymatic activity is defined as the amount of enzyme needed to synthesize 1 μmol of pristinamycin IIA per hour under the conditions described.

5.1.1.B. Purification of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 Pristinamycin IIA Synthase

[0144] This experiment illustrates how an enzyme of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 participating in the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IIA may be purified.

[0145] Using the assay described above in Example 5.1.1.A, the purification of pristinamycin IIA synthase is carried out as described below taking care to freeze and store the active fractions at −30° C. between successive steps if necessary.

[0146] 150 g of a centrifugation pellet, washed with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.2 containing 10% v/v of glycerol, of an S. pristinaespiralis SP92 culture harvested at the beginning of the pristinamycin production phase are taken up with 450 ml of 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer pH 6.8 containing 5 mM DTT and 0.2 mg/ml of lysozyme. The suspension thereby obtained is incubated for 45 minutes at 27° C. and then centrifuged at 50,000 g for 1 hour. The crude extract thereby collected is fractionated by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The protein fraction precipitating at between 40 and 55% saturation is desalted on a column of Sephadex G-25 Fine, and then injected (100 mg per injection) in pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 1 mM DTT onto a monoQ HR 10/10 column. The proteins are eluted with a linear KCl gradient (0 to 0.5 M). The fractions containing the enzymatic activity (detected by means of the test described in Example 5.1.1.A) are pooled and concentrated to 20 ml on Centriprep 10. After dilution with one volume of pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 1 mM DTT containing 2 M ammonium, sulphate, the proteins are chromatographed (22.5 mg per injection) on a Phenyl Superose HR 10/10 column with a decreasing ammonium sulphate gradient (1.0 M to 0 M). The best fractions containing the desired activity are pooled, reconcentrated to 1 ml on Centriprep 10 and then applied (200 μl per injection) to a Bio-Sil SEC 250 column. The activity peak is detected in this technique at a molecular weight centred at 77,000. The fraction containing the activity is injected onto a MonoQ HR 5/5 column in pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, DTT 1 mM eluted with a linear KCl gradient (0 to 0.5 M).

[0147] After this step, the enzyme is pure and, in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, two subunits of molecular weight estimated at 35,000 and 50,000 are detected. They are separated on a 25-cm Vydac C4 column eluted with a linear gradient of from 30 to 50% of acetonitrile in water containing 0.07% of trifluoroacetic acid. TABLE Purification of pristinamycin IIA synthase Purification Vol. Protein Sp. Act. Yield Purification step (ml) (mg) μmol/h/mg (%) factor Crude extract 490 1690 0.14 100 1 40-45% A.S. 60 1050 0.19 85 1.4 MonoQ 10/10 95 45 3.0 58 21 Phenyl Superose 8 2.8 12 14 86 Bio-sil SEC 5 1.3 18 14 130 MonoQ 5/5 10 0.7 23 10 160

[0148] The purification factor is calculated from the increase in specific activity of the fractions during the purification.

5.1.2. Production of Oligonucleotides from the Protein Sequences

[0149] This example describes how, starting from the NH₂-terminal sequences of the two subunits of pristinamycin IIA synthase purified as described in Example 5.1.1.B., it is possible to synthesize oligonucleotides. The two subunits of pristinamycin IIA synthase are referred to as SnaA and SnaB, and correspond to polypeptides of molecular weights 50,000 and 35,000, respectively, as descibed in Example 5.1.1.B.

[0150] The NH₂-terminal sequences of the proteins SnaA and SnaB, corresponding to the subunits of pristinamycin IIA synthase, were deduced by microsequencing. This is carried out by the Edman degradation technique, using an automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems model 407A) coupled to an HPLC apparatus for identification of the phenylthiohydantoin derivatives. About thirty residues were determined for each of them. Protein SnaA: (see residues 2 to 29 on SEQ ID No. 2) T A P(R) (R,W)R I T L A G I I D G P G G H V A A(W)R H P (A) T Protein SnaB: (see residues 2 to 31 on SEQ ID No. 3) T A P I L V A T L D T R G P A A T L G T I T(R)A V(R)A A E A

[0151] Moreover, sequences-internal to these two polypeptides were determined after trypsin digestion of SnaA and SnaB and purification of the fragments obtained on a Vydac C18 HPLC column. The following internal sequences were found: Protein SnaA: (see residues 365 to 384 on SEQ ID No. 2) G A D G F N I D F P Y L P G S A D D F V Protein SnaB: (see residues 122 to 136 on SEQ ID No. 3) G L(-)D S F D D D A F V H D R

[0152] From the underlined regions in each of the sequences of the fragments internal to the proteins SnaA and SnaB, and in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code specific to Streptomyces (see Example 8), the following mixtures of oligonucleotides were synthesized with a Biosearch 8600 automated synthesizer. They were then purified by the technique already described (Sawadogo M. and Von Dyke M. W., 1991). The snaA and snaB genes denote the structural genes for the proteins SnaA and SnaB, respectively.

[0153] Mixture corresponding to the underlined portion of the internal sequence of SnaA: ATC GAC TTC CCC TAC CTC CCC GG       T   T   G   T   G    G               A               T

[0154] Mixture corresponding to underlined portion of the internal sequence of SnaB: TTC GAC GAT GAT GCA TTC GTC CAT GAC           C   C   T       G   C                   C                   G

5.1.3. Labelling of the Mixtures of Synthetic Oligonucleotides and Hybridization with the Genomic DNA Libraries of the Strain SP92

[0155] This example describes how oligonucleotides specific for a gene for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins may be radioactively labelled and then hybridized with membranes onto which DNA of genomic libraries of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 has been transferred.

[0156] Labelling of the oligonucleotides is carried out by transfer at the 5′-terminal position of the [γ-³²P]phosphate group of ATP with T4 polynucleotide kinase. This labelling is carried out as described in Maniatis et al. (1989). After labelling, the oligonucleotides are used without purification.

[0157] Approximately 2×500 ng of each mixture of oligonucleotides were labelled in this way with ³²P and were used to hybridize each of the two libraries.

[0158] Hybridization of the membranes of each library is carried out according to a protocol derived from those developed by Meinkoth, J. and Wahl, G. (1984) and Bames, B. D. and Higgins, S. J. (1985): the 15 membranes are prehybridized for 3 hours at 50° C. in 40 ml of a solution containing: Denhardt (×5) [Denhardt (×100): 2% (w/v) Ficoll, 2% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone, 2% (w/v) BSA)], SSC (×5) [SSC (×20): 3 M NaCl, 0.3 M sodium citrate), 50 mM NaPO₄ pH 6.5, 0.1% SDS, 250 μg/ml salmon sperm DNA].

[0159] Hybridization is then carried out overnight at 50° C. in 20 ml of the same solution to which the 500 ng of labelled oligonucleotides are added.

[0160] The filters are then washed in a solution of SSC (×6) and 0.5% SDS, twice for 30 min at room temperature and then empirically at gradually higher temperatures (50 to 65° C.). The temperature of these latter washes is gradually increased after successive autoradiographic exposures in order to determine the specificity of the hybridizing clones with the mixtures of oligonucleotides.

5.1.4. Isolation of Cosmids pIBV1 and pIBV3 and Determination of the Regions Containing the snaA and snaB Genes

[0161] This example illustrates how it is possible to isolate cosmids constructed as described in Example 3 containing genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins.

[0162] Cosmids pIBV1 and pIBV3 were isolated from two clones originating, respectively, from the library produced in the strain HB101 and from the library produced in the strain DH1 which hybridized with both mixtures of oligonucleotides simultaneously for pIBV1 and with the mixture of oligonucleotides originating from the internal sequence of the protein SnaA for pIBV3.

[0163] These cosmids were purified as described in Example 2. Cosmids pIBV1 and pIBV3 contain, respectively, a genomic DNA insert of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 whose sizes were estimated, respectively, at 30 kb and 34 kb. Maps (FIGS. 4 and 6) were established from digestions with different restriction enzymes, according to the protocols of the supplier (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass. 01915-5510 USA).

[0164] Southern hybridizations of pIBV1 and pIBV3 DNA, digested by means of different enzymes, with the mixtures of oligonucleotides enabled the region of this cosmid containing the snaA and/or snaB genes to be identified.

[0165] Southern hybridization was carried out as described in Maniatis et al. (1989). After separation of the restriction fragments by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel, the DNA is transferred onto a Biohylon Z⁺ membrane (Bioprope System). Hybridization of the DNA thus transferred onto the membranes with the mixtures of oligonucleotides was carried out as described in Example 5.1.3.

[0166] These Southern hybridizations enabled it to be shown that cosmid pIBV1 possessed a 6-kb BamHI fragment containing the sequences homologous to the probes synthesized in Example 5.1.2 (originating from the proteins SnaA and SnaB), as well as a 2.5-kb EcoRI fragment internal to the BamHI fragment containing the sequences homologous to the probes originating exclusively from the protein SnaA. Furthermore, the hybridization signals obtained with cosmid pIBV3 showed that it possessed only the 2.5-kb EcoRI fragment containing the sequences homologous to probes originating exclusively from the protein SnaA.

5.2. Isolation of Cosmid pIBV2 Containing the Structural Gene for 3-hydroxypicolinic Acid:AMP Ligase (snbA)

[0167] This example illustrates how it is possible to obtain a cosmid as constructed in Example 3 containing at least one gene for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I.

5.2.1. Identification and Purification of the Protein Involved in the Activation of 3-hydroxy-picolinic Acid

[0168] This example illustrates how the protein responsible for the activation of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid may be purified to homogeneity from S. pristinaespiralis SP92.

5.2.1.A. Assay of 3-hydroxypicolinic Acid:AMP Ligase

[0169] This example illustrates the assay of an activity of the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IA which has never before been described and which possesses the noteworthy property of being expressed only during the period of production of pristinamycins. The enzyme in question is 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase, which catalyses the formation of the adenylate of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (FIG. 9) from this free acid and ATP in the presence of MgCl₂.

[0170] The enzyme fractions to be assayed (0.002 to 0.020 units) are incubated for 15 min at 27° C. in a total volume of 250 μl of pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 1 mM DTT, 10% v/v glycerol, in the presence of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (1 mM), ATP (2 mM), MgCl₂ (5 mM) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate labelled with the radioactive isotope 32 of the phosphorus atom (200 μM).

[0171] The reaction is stopped by adding 1 ml of a suspension of activated charcoal at a concentration of 10 g/l in a mixture of 75% of 0.1 M tetrasodium pyrophosphate and 25% of 14% perchloric acid. After stirring, the charcoal is collected and washed with twice 1 ml of the pyrophosphate/perchloric acid mixture. The radioactive organic molecules are then eluted with three times 1 ml of a mixture of 50% of methanol and 50% of N ammonia solution into a counting vial containing 12 ml of water. The radioactivity is measured by the Cerenkov effect with a scintillation counter (PACKARD Minaxi TriCarb 4000).

[0172] The unit of enzymatic activity is defined as the amount of enzyme needed to incorporate 1 μmol of pyrophosphate into ATP in the course of 1 hour under the conditions described above.

5.2.1.B. Purification of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 3-hydroxypicolinic Acid:AMP Ligase

[0173] This experiment illustrates how an enzyme of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 participating in the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IA may be purified.

[0174] Using the assay described above in Example 5.2.1.A, the purification of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase is carried out as described below, taking care to freeze the active fractions at −70° C. and store them at −30° C. between successive steps if necessary.

[0175] 234 g of a centrifugation pellet, washed with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.2 containing 10% v/v of glycerol, of an S. pristinaespiralis SP92 culture harvested at the beginning of the pristinamycin production phase are taken up with 234 ml of pH 8.0 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF, 15% v/v glycerol and 0.6 mg/ml of lysozyme. The suspension thereby obtained is incubated for 30 minutes at 27° C. and then centrifuged at 50,000 g for 1 hour. The crude extract thereby collected is injected in pH 8.0 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 4 mM DTE, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF, 15% v/v glycerol onto a column (80 ml) of Q Sepharose Fast Flow. The proteins are eluted with a linear KCl gradient (0 to 0.4 M). The fractions containing the enzymatic activity (detected by means of the test described in Example 5.2.1.A) are pooled and diluted with one volume of pH 8.0 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF, 15% v/v glycerol containing 2 M ammonium sulphate. The proteins are then chromatographed on a column (50 ml) of Phenyl Sepharose with a decreasing ammonium sulphate gradient (1.0 M to 0 M) in pH 8.0 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF, 15% v/v glycerol. After the addition of 4 mM DTE, the active fractions are pooled, concentrated to 5 ml on Centriprep 10 and then applied to a column (100 ml) of Superose 12 prep grade. The fractions containing the desired activity are pooled and injected in pH 8.0 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 4 mM DTE, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF, 15% v/v glycerol (approximately 6 mg per injection) onto a column of MonoQ HR 5/5 eluted with a linear KCl gradient (0 to 0.4 M). The active fractions are pooled, concentrated to 1 ml on Centricon 10, diluted with 3 volumes of pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 4 mM DTE, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF, 15% v/v glycerol, and then injected (2 mg per injection) in the latter buffer onto a column of MonoQ HR 5/5 eluted with a linear KCl gradient (0 to 0.3 M). The best fractions containing the desired ligase are pooled and then applied in pH 6.8 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, 50 mM sodium sulphate to a Bio-Sil SEC 250 column. The activity peak is detected in this technique at a molecular weight centred at 60,000.

[0176] The protein possessing the activity of activation of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid is hereinafter designated SnbA.

[0177] After this step, the enzyme is pure and, in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, its molecular weight is estimated at approximately 67,000. TABLE Purification of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase Sp. Act. Purification Vol. Protein μmol/ Yield Purification step (ml) (mg) /h/mg^(a) (%) factor Crude extract 246 2050 (0.06) Q Sepharose 40 188 0.47 100 1 Phenyl Sepharose 70 35 2.21 88 4.7 Superose 12 16 17 2.03 39 4.3 MonoQ pH 8.0 4.5 9.0 2.09 21 4.5 MonoQ pH 6.8 1.0 2.0 2.9 6.6 6.2 Bio-sil 250 2.5 0.23 12.4 3.2 26

[0178] The purification factor is calculated from the increase in specific activity of the fractions during the purification.

5.2.2. Production of Oligonucleotides from the Protein Sequence

[0179] This example describes how, starting from the NH₂-terminal and internal sequences of the protein 3-hydroxypicolinic:AMP ligase, it is possible to synthesize oligonucleotides.

[0180] The NE₂-terminal sequence of the protein SnbA was deduced by microsequencing as described in Example 5.1.2. About twenty residues were identified in this way.

[0181] A sequence of approximately 20 amino acids internal to the protein SnbA was also identified after trypsin hydrolysis and purification of the fragments obtained on a Vydac C18 HPLC column.

[0182] NH₂-terminal sequence of the protein 3-hydroxypicolinic:AMP ligase: (See residues 1 to 21 on SEQ ID No. 5) M L D G S V P W P E D V A A K Y R A A G Y

[0183] Internal sequence of the protein 3-hydroxypicolinic:AMP ligase: (See residues 448 to 467 on SEQ ID No. 5) V S A (-) E V E G H L G A H P D V Q Q A A

[0184] From the underlined regions in each of the sequences, and in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code specific to Streptomyces (see Example 8), the following mixtures of oligonucleotides were synthesized:

[0185] Mixture corresponding to the underlined portion of the NH₂-terminal sequence of the protein 3-hydroxypicolinic:AMP ligase: 5′                                             3′   GTC CCC TGG CCC GAG GAC GTC GCC GCC AAG TAC     G   G       G           G   G   G

[0186] Mixture corresponding to the underlined portion of the internal sequence of the protein 3-hydroxypicolinic:AMP ligase: 5′                                                        3′ GAG GTC GAG GGC CAC CTC GGC GCC CAC CCC GAC GTC CAG GAG GC       G       G       G   G   G       G

5.2.3. Labelling of the Mixtures of Synthetic Oligonucleotides and Hybridization of the Genomic DNA Libraries of S. pristinaespiralis SP92

[0187] This example describes how oligonucleotides specific for a gene for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins may be radioactively labelled and then hybridized with membranes onto which DNA of genomic libraries of S. pristinaespiralis has been transferred.

[0188] Labelling the oligonucleotides is carried out by transfer at the 5′-terminal position of the [γ-³²P]phosphate group of ATP with T4 polynucleotide kinase, as described in Example 5.1.3.

[0189] Approximately 2×500 ng of each mixture of oligonucleotides were labelled in this way with ³²P and were used to hybridize each of the two libraries.

[0190] Hybridization of the membranes of each library was carried out as described in Example 5.1.3.

5.2.4. Isolation of Cosmid pIBV2 and Determination of the Region Containing the Structural Gene for 3-hydroxypicolinic Acid:AMP Ligase

[0191] This example illustrates how it is possible to obtain a cosmid as constructed in Example 3 containing at least the structural gene for 3-hydroxy-picolinic acid:AMP ligase.

[0192] Cosmid pIBV2 was isolated from a clone of the library produced in E. coli strain DH1 which hybridized with both mixtures of oligonucleotides simultaneously.

[0193] This cosmid was purified as described in Example 2. It contains a genomic DNA insert of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 whose size was estimated at 47 kb. A map (FIG. 5) was established from digestions with different restriction enzymes, as described in Example 5.1.4.

[0194] Southern hybridizations of pIBV2 DNA, digested by means of different enzymes, with the mixtures of oligonucleotides enabled the region containing the structural gene for 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase to be identified. Southern blotting and hybridizations were carried out as described in Example 5.1.4.

[0195] The hybridization results enabled it to be shown that cosmid pIBV2 possessed a 5.5-kb EcoRI-BglII fragment containing the sequence homologous to the probes synthesized in Example 5.2.2.

5.3. Demonstration of the Presence of a Portion of the Structural Gene for Pristinamycin I Synthase II (SnbC) on Cosmid pIBV3

[0196] This example illustrates how it is possible to identify the presence of genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I on a cosmid which has already been isolated (Example 5.1).

5.3.1. Identification of Pristinamycin I Synthase II Involved in the Incorporation of Threonine and Aminobutyric Acid Residues into the Peptide Chain Pristinamycin IA

[0197] This example illustrates how the protein responsible for the incorporation of threonine and aminobutyric acid residues into the peptide chain of pristinamycin IA may be purified to homogeneity from S. pristinaespiralis SP92.

5.3.1.A. Assay of the Partial Activities of Pristinamycin I Synthase II

[0198] This example illustrates the assay of activities of the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IA which have never before been described and which possess the noteworth property of being expressed only during the period of production of pristinamycins. The activities in question are the partial activities of the peptide synthase responsible for the incorporation of threonine and aminobutyric acid residues into the peptide chain of pristinamycin IA (FIG. 10) in the presence of ATP and MgCl₂.

[0199] The threonine:AMP ligase and aminobutyric acid:AMP ligase activities are measured in an enzymatic test of ATP-pyrophosphate exchange similar to that described in 5.2.1.A for 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase.

[0200] The aminoacylation reactions of the enzyme with threonine or alanine (an analogue of aminobutyric acid which is found in pristinamycin IC) enable the peptide synthase to be differentiated from other enzymes which may effect an ATP-pyrophosphate exchange, and in particular aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The test of aminoacylation of the enzyme with tritium-labelled threonine described below is hence the one which was used in this example.

[0201] The enzyme fractions to be assayed (0.2 to 2 units) are incubated for 15 min at 27° C. in a total volume of 250 μl of pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 1 mM DTT, 10% v/v glycerol in the presence of 1 μCi of [3-³H]-L-threonine (15 Ci/mmol), ATP (2 mM) and MgCl₂ (5 mM).

[0202] The reaction is stopped by adding 150 μl of 25% trichloroacetic acid solution. The precipitated proteins are collected on a microfilter and washed with 3 times 400 μl of 7% trichloroacetic acid, before being eluted with twice 400 μl of N sodium hydroxide into a counting vial containing 1 ml of N HCl and 12 ml of scintillation cocktail (Beckmann Readygel). The amount of radioactivity contained in this vial is measured with a scintillation counter (PACKARD Minaxi TriCarb 4000). It represents the amount of threonine bound covalently to the desired peptide synthase.

[0203] The unit of enzymatic activity is defined as the amount of enzyme needed to bind 1 picomole of threonine covalently in 15 min under the conditions described above.

5.3.1.B. Purification of Pristinamycin I Synthase II

[0204] This experiment illustrates how an enzyme of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 participating in the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IA may be purified.

[0205] Using the acid described above in Example 5.3.1.A., purification of the peptide synthase responsible for the incorporation of threonine and aminobutyric acid residues into the peptide chain of pristinamycin IA is carried out as described below, taking care to work at 4° C. and to store the active fractions at −70° C.

[0206] 150 g of a centrifugation pellet, washed with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.2 containing 10% v/v of glycerol, of an S. pristinaespiralis SP92 culture harvested at the beginning of the pristinamycin production phase are taken up with 450 ml of pH 8.0 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 15% v/v glycerol. The suspension thereby obtained is ground using a French Press adjusted to a pressure of 5000 psi, and then centrifuged at 50,000 g for 1 hour. The crude extract thereby collected is injected in pH 8 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 4 mM DTE, 2 mM benzamidine, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 1 mg/l E-64, 15% v/v glycerol onto a column (200 ml) of Q Sepharose Fast Flow. The proteins are eluted with a linear KCl gradient (0 to 0.6 M). At outflow from the column, each fraction is treated with one-tenth of its volume of a solution of 1 mM PMSF, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA. The fractions containing the enzymatic activity (detected by means of the test described in Example 5.3.1.A) are pooled and reconcentrated by ultrafiltration on Centriprep 30 to a final volume of 28 ml. This concentrate is injected in 4-ml aliquots onto a Superdex 200 Hi-Load 16/60 permeation column equilibrated in pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 1 mM benzamidine, 4 mM DTE, 0.2 mM Pefabloc, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 M KCl, 20% v/v glycerol. After assaying, the active fractions are pooled and reconcentrated to 15 ml on Centriprep 30, then desalted on PD-10 in pH 8.0 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 4 mM DTE, 2 mM benzamidine, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 1 mg/l E-64, 20% v/v glycerol and applied in two portions to a MonoQ HR 10/10 column equilibrated and eluted with a linear gradient of from 0.4 M KCl in this same buffer. The fractions containing the desired activity are pooled, reconcentrated on Centriprep 30 and then Centricon 30 to a final volume of 1 ml and injected in five portions onto a column of Superose 6 HR 10/30 in pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 1 mM benzamidine, 4 mM DTE, 0.2 mM Pefabloc, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 M KCl, 20% v/v glycerol. The activity peak is detected in this technique at a molecular weight centred at 450,000.

[0207] After this step the enzyme is pure and, in SDS-PAGE electophoresis, its molecular weight is estimated at approximately 240,000. This band also contains all radioactivity of the protein labelled by aminoacylation with tritiated threonine.

[0208] At this stage, the maximal activity of the enzyme using a concentration of 100 μCi/ml of threonine (15 ci/mmol) amounts to 3670 units/mg; the enzyme is also capable of forming adenylates with L-aminobutyric acid or L-alanine; an aminoacylation reaction of the enzyme with tritiated alanine is detected, and the maximal activity in the presence of 200 μCi/ml of [2,3-³H]-L-alanine (15 Ci/mmol) is 2290 pmol/mg in 15 min. TABLE Purification of pristinamycin I synthase II Purification Vol. Protein Sp. Act.^(a) Yield Purification step (ml) (mg) (units/mg) (%) factor Crude extract 445 4700 (1) — — Q Sepharose 308 834 7 100 1 Superdex 200 120 105 22 40 3.1 MonoQ HR 15 11.5 96 19 14 Superose 6 7.5 2.8 122 6 17

[0209] The purification factor is calculated from the increase in specific activity of the fractions during the purification.

5.3.2. Production of Oligonucleotides from the Protein Sequence

[0210] This example describes how, starting from internal sequences of pristinamycin I synthase II, it is possible to synthesize oligonucleotides.

[0211] The internal sequences of the peptide synthase which is responsible for the incorporation of threonine and aminobutyric acid residues into the peptide chain of pristinamycin IA were deduced by microsequencing as described in Example 5.1.2. after trypsin hydrolysis and purification of the fragments obtained on a Vydac C18 column.

[0212] Sequences Internal to the Protein Pristinamycin I Synthase II (See residues 49 to 61 on SEQ ID No. 12) 1       5        10 L A A F N D T A R P V P R 1       5        10        15        20 V P A A F V P L D A L P L T G N G V L D

[0213] From the underlined regions in these sequences, and in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code specific to Streptomyces (see Example 8), the following mixtures of oligonucleotides were snythesized:

[0214] Mixture Corresponding to the Underlined Portion of the Sequence 1 Internal to the Protein Pristinamycin I Synthase II: 5′                                   3′  GCC GCC TTC AAC GAC ACC GCC CGC CC    G   G               G   G   G

[0215] Mixture Corresponding to the Underlined Portion of Sequence 2 Internal to the Protein Pristinamycin I Synthase II: 5′                                 3′  TTC GTC CCC CTC GAC GCC CTC CCC CT        G   G   G       G   G   G

5.3.3. Labelling of the Mixtures of Synthetic Oligonucleotides and Southern Hybridization of Cosmid PIBV3 DNA

[0216] This example describes how oligonucleotides specific for a gene for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I may be radioactively labelled and then hybridized with a membrane onto which cosmid pIBV3 DNA has been transferred.

[0217] Labelling of the oligonucleotides is carried out by transfer at the 5′-terminal position of the [γ-³²P]phosphate group of ATP with T4 polynucleotide kinase, as described in 5.1.3.

[0218] Approximately 500 ng of the mixture of oligonucleotides were labelled in this way with ³²P, and were used for Southern hybridization of pIBV3 DNA digested with different enzymes. These hybridizations enabled it to be shown that a portion of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase II was carried by cosmid pIBV3, and enabled the region containing this gene to be identified. Southern blotting and hybridization were carried out as described in Example 5.1.4.

[0219] The hybridization results enabled it to be shown that cosmid pIBV3 possessed a 6.2-kb SphI fragment containing the sequence homologous to the probes synthesized in Example 5.3.2.

5.4. Demonstration of the Presence of a Portion of the Structural Gene for Pristinamycin I Synthase III (SnbD) on Cosmid pIBV3

[0220] This example illustrates how it is possible to identify the presence of genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I on a cosmid which has already been isolated (Example 5.1).

5.4.1. Identification of Pristinamycin I Synthase III Involved in the Incorporation of Proline and P-dimethylaminophenylalanine Residues into the Peptide Chain of Pristinamycin IA

[0221] This example illustrates how the protein responsible for the incorporation of proline and p-dimethylaminophenylalanine residues into the peptide chain of pristinamycin IA may be purified to homogeneity from S. pristinaespiralis SP92.

5.4.1.A. Assay of Partial Activities of Pristinamycin I Synthase III

[0222] This example illustrates the assay of activities of the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IA which have never before been described and which possess the noteworthy property of being expressed only during the period of production of pristinamycins. The activities in question are partial activities of the peptide synthase responsible for the incorporation of proline and para-dimethylaminophenylalanine residues into the peptide chain of pristinamycin IA (FIG. 11) in the presence of SAM, ATP and MgCl₂.

[0223] The proline:AMP ligase and p-dimethylamino-phenylalanine:AMP ligase activities are measured in an enzymatic test of ATP-pyrophosphate exchange similar to that described in 5.2.1.A. for 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase.

[0224] The aminoacylation reactions of the enzyme with proline and p-dimethylaminophenylalanine make it possible to differentiate the peptide synthase from other enzymes which may perform a ATP-pyrophosphate exchange, and in particular aminoacyl-tRNA synthases. The same applies to the N-methylation of the α-amino function of p-dimethylaminophenylalanine acylated on the enzyme. The latter test characteristic of N-methylation is hence the one which was used in this example.

[0225] The enzyme fractions to be assayed (0.2 to 2 units) are incubated for 15 min at 27° C. in a total volume of 250 μl of pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 1 mM DTT, 10% v/v glycerol in the presence of 1 μCi of [methyl-³H]-SAM (15 Ci/mmol), para-dimethylamino-L-phenylalanine (1 mM), ATP (2 mM) and MgCl₂ (5 mM).

[0226] The reaction is stopped by adding 150 μl of 25% trichloroacetic acid solution. The precipitated proteins are collected on a microfilter and washed with 3 times 400 μl of 7% trichloroacetic acid, before being eluted with twice. 400 μl of N sodium hydroxide into a counting vial containing 1 ml N HCl and 12 ml of scintillation cocktail (Beckmann Readygel). The amount of radioactivity contained in this vial is measured with a scintillation counter (PACKARD Minaxi TriCarb 4000). It represents the amount of N-methylated para-dimethylaminophenylalanine bound covalently to the desired peptide synthase.

[0227] The unit of enzymatic activity is defined as the amount of enzyme needed to bind 1 picomole of N-methylated p-dimethylaminophenylalanine covalently in 15 min under the conditions described above.

5.4.1.B. Purification of Pristinamycin I Synthase III

[0228] This experiment illustrates how an enzyme of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 participating in the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IA may be purified.

[0229] Using the assay described above in Example 5.4.1.A, purification of the peptide synthase responsible for the incorporation of proline and para-dimethylaminophenylalanine residues into the peptide chain of pristinamycin IA is carried out as described below, taking care to work at 4° C. and to store the active fractions at −70° C.

[0230] 250 g of a centrifugation pellet, washed with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.2, 1 mM PMSF, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, 0.5 M KCl, 10% v/v glycerol, of an S. pristinaespiralis SP92 culture harvested at the beginning of the pristinamycin production phase are taken up with 750 ml of pH 8.0 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 5 mM benzamidine, 0.2 mM Pefabloc, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 2 mg/l STI, 2 mg/l aprotinin, 1 mg/l E-64, 20% v/v glycerol. The suspension thereby obtained is ground using a French Press adjusted to a pressure of 5000 psi, and then centrifuged at 50,000 g for 1 h. The crude extract thereby collected is fractionated by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The protein fraction coming out at between 0 and 35% ammonium sulphate saturation is redissolved in the disruption buffer and desalted on a column of Sephadex G 25 Fine equilibrated and eluted in this same buffer. The proteins thus prepared are injected in pH 8.0 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 4 mM DTE, 2 mM benzamidine, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 1 mg/l E-64, 20% v/v glycerol onto a column (200 ml) of Q Sepharose Fast Flow, and ar then eluted with a linear KCl gradient (0 to 0.6 M). At outflow from the column, each fraction is treated with one-tenth of its volume of a solution of 2 mM Pefabloc, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, 5 mM benzamidine. The fractions containing the enzymatic activity (detected by means of the test described in Example 5.4.1.A) are pooled and precipitated with ammonium sulphate at 80% saturation. The proteins which have come out are redissolved in pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM DTE, 0.2 mM Pefabloc, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 0.15 M NaCl, 20% v/v glycerol, and injected in 5 4-ml aliquot portions onto a Superdex 200 Hi-Load 16/60 permeation column equilibrated and eluted in this same buffer. After assay, the active fractions are pooled and reconcentrated to 3 ml on Centriprep 30, then rediluted to 20 ml with pH 8.0 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 4 mM DTE, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF, 20% v/v glycerol and applied in two portions to a MonoQ HR 10/10 column equilibrated and eluted with a linear gradient from 0.4 M KCl in this same buffer. The best fractions containing the desired activity are pooled and used as material for characterization of the activities of the enzyme and for its microsequencing.

[0231] After this step, the enzyme is pure and, in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, its molecular weight is estimated at approximately 250,000. This band also contains all the radioactivity of the protein labelled by aminoacylation with tritiated SAM and para-dimethylaminophenylalanine. In permeation on Superose 6 HR 10/30, the native molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated at 700,000.

[0232] At this stage, the enzyme is also capable of forming adenylates with proline; an aminoacylation reaction of the enzyme with tritiated proline is detected, and the maximal activity in the presence of 200 μCi/ml of [5-³H]-L-proline (34 Ci/mmol) is 2490 pmol/mg in 15 min. TABLE Purification of pristinamycin I synthase III Purification Vol. Protein Sp. Act.^(a) Yield Purification step (ml) (mg) (units/mg) (%) factor Crude extract 800 8100 (4) — — 35% A.S. 200 4000 (6) — — Q Sepharose 132 498 46 100 1 Superdex 200 45 39.5 417 71 9 MonoQ HR 9 5.3 1070 25 23

[0233] The purification factor is calculated from the increase in specific activity of the fractions during the purification.

5.4.2. Production of Oligonucleotides from the Protein Sequence

[0234] This example describes how, starting from internal sequences of pristinamycin I synthase III, it is possible to synthesize oligonucleotides.

[0235] An internal sequence of the peptide synthase responsible for the incorporation of proline and para-dimethylaminophenylalanine residues into the peptide chain of pristinamycin IA was deduced by micro-sequencing as described in Example 5.1.2. after cyanogen bromide treatment and purification of the fragments obtained on a Vydac C18 HPLC column.

[0236] Sequence Internal to the Protein Pristinamycin I Synthase III 1 (see residues 2 to 20 on SEQ ID No. 13) 1      5        10        15        20 P- V T P Y R A Y A L A H L A G - D D D

[0237] From the underlined region in this sequence, and in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code specific to Streptomyces (see Example 8), the following mixture of oligonucleotides was synthesized:

[0238] Mixture Corresponding to the Underlined Portion of the Sequence Internal to the Protein Pristinamycin I Synthase III: 5′                          3′  GTC ACC CCG TAC CGC GCC TAC    G   G   C       G   G

5.4.3. Labelling of the Mixtures of Synthetic Oligonucleotides and Southern Hybridization of Cosmid pIBV3 DNA

[0239] This example describes how oligonucleotides specific for a gene for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I may be radioactively labelled and then hybridized with a membrane onto which cosmid pIBV3 DNA has been transferred.

[0240] Labelling of the oligonucleotides is carried out by transfer at the 5′-terminal position of the [γ-³²P]phosphate group of ATP with T4 polynucleotide kinase, as described in 5.1.3.

[0241] Approximately 500 ng of the mixture of oligonucleotides were labelled in this way with ³²P, and were used for Southern hybridization of pIBV3 DNA digested with different enzymes. These hybridizations enabled it to be shown that a portion of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase III was carried by cosmid pIBV3, and enabled the region containing this gene to be identified. Southern blotting and hybridization were carried out as described in Example 5.1.4.

[0242] The hybridization results enabled it to be shown that cosmid pIBV3 possessed an 8.4-kb SphI fragment containing the sequence homologous to the probes synthesized in Example 5.4.2.

5.5. Demonstration of the Presence of a Portion of the Structural Gene for Pristinamycin I Synthase IV (SnbE) on Cosmid pIBV3

[0243] This example illustrates how it is possible to identify the presence of genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I on a cosmid which has already been isolated (Example 5.1).

5.5.1. Identification of the Peptide Synthase (Referred to as Pristinamycin I Synthase IV) Responsible for the Incorporation of the Phenylglycine Residue into the Peptide Chain of Pristinamycin IA 5.5.1.A. Assay of Enzymatic Activities Carried by the Peptide Synthase (Pristinamycin I Synthase IV) Responsible for the Incorporation of the Phenylglycine Residue into the Peptide Chain of Pristinamycin IA

[0244] This example illustrates the assay of an enzymatic activity of the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IA which has not been described hitherto and which possesses the noteworthy property of being expressed only during the period of production of pristinamycins in the wild-type microorganism. The activity in question is that of the peptide synthase (pristinamycin I synthase IV) responsible for the incorporation of the L-phenylglycine residue into the peptide chain (FIG. 12) in the presence of ATP and MgCl₂. The phenylglycine:AMP ligase activity of pristinamycin I synthase IV is measured in an enzymatic test of ATP-pyrophosphate exchange similar to that described in 5.2.1.A. for 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase activity, in the presence of L-phenylglycine (1 mM) and KCl (50 mM) in the incubation buffer.

5.5.1.B. Purification of the Peptide Synthase Responsible for the Incorporation of the Phenylglycine Residue (Pristinamycin I Synthase IV) into the Peptide Chain of Pristinamycin IA

[0245] This example illustrates how an enzyme of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 participating in the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IA may be purified. Using the assay described above in Example 5.5.1.A. The purification of pristinamycin I synthase IV is carried out as described below. All the operations are performed at 4° C. The fractions containing the activity are frozen immediately and stored at −70° C.

[0246] 70 g of wet cells, harvested as described in Example 5.2.1.B., are resuspended in 250 ml of cell lysis buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 containing 25% of glycerol, 4 mM DTE, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mg/l E-64, 2 mg/l STI, 2 mg/l α₂-macroglobulin, 1 mg/l leupeptin, 2 mg/l aprotinin, 5 mM benzamidine, 0.6 mg/ml lysozyme. The solution thereby obtained is kept stirring at 4° C. for 1 h and then centrifuged at 50,000 g for 1 h. The supernatant is then injected in the cell lysis buffer onto a column of Sephadex G-25, and the excluded fraction (approximately 250 mg of protein injected in each chromatographic run) is injected onto a column of Mono Q HR 16/10 (Pharmacia) equilibrated with 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.0, 4 mM DTE, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mg/l E-64, 2 mg/l STI, 20% glycerol. The proteins are eluted with a linear gradient of from 0 to 0.6 M KCl and, at outflow from the column, each fraction is treated with one-tenth of its volume of a solution of 2 mM Pefabloc, 5 mM EGTA, 5 mM EDTA. The fractions containing the activity are pooled and then mixed with 1 volume of 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 15% glycerol, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM benzamidine, 4 mM DTT, 3.4 M ammonium sulphate per 3 volumes of fraction. The solution is injected onto a column of Phenyl Superose HR 10/10 (one-fifth of the solution is injected at each chromatographic run), and the proteins are eluted with a decreasing linear gradient of from 0.9 to 0 M ammonium sulphate. The fractions containing the activity are pooled. The solution is concentrated to 3500 μl in a Centriprep 30 and injected in two portions onto a Superdex 200 Hi-Load 16/60 column equilibrated and eluted with 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer pH 6.8 containing 20% of glycerol, 0.15 M NaCl, 4 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM EDTA. The active fraction is diluted with 9 volumes of 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer pH 6.8 containing 25% of glycerol, 4 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM benzamidine, and then injected onto a column of Mono Q HR 5/5 equilibrated in the same buffer. The desired activity is eluted with a linear gradient of from 0 to 0.4 M KCl and concentrated to 630 μl in a Centricon-30. The desired protein is then purified by electrophoresis on 6% polyacrylamide gel after denaturation of the sample by heating for 10 min at 80° C. with an SDS/mercapto-ethanol mixture. After electrophoresis and staining of the gel with Coomassie blue, the gel band containing the protein is cut out and the protein is electroeluted from the gel in a Centrilutor.

[0247] Note: the band corresponding to pristinamycin I synthase IV is identified by comparison with a tritiated (by covalent binding to tritiated phenyl-glycine; see description in Example 5.5.2.) pristinamycin I synthase IV standard.

[0248] After this step, the enzyme is pure in electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Its molecular weight is estimated at approximately 170,000.

5.5.2. Labelling of Pristinamycin I Synthase IV by Thioesterification of Radioactive Phenylglycine on the Enzyme

[0249] After activation in the form of an adenylate through phenylglycine:AMP ligase activity, phenyl-glycine is transferred to a thiol group of the active site of the enzyme before being incorporated into the peptide chain during elongation (general process of biosynthesis of peptide antibiotics known by the name of “thiotemplate mechanism”). Generally speaking, radioactive labelling of the protein effecting the activation of amino acid may hence be performed by preparing the thioester derivative with a radioactive form of the amino acid.

[0250] As an example, the radioactive labelling of pristinamycin I synthase IV is accomplished by incubating 50 μg of the protein (active fraction emerging from the Mono Q HR 5/5 chromatography column; see above in Example 5.5.1.B.) for 1 hour at 27° C. with 100 μCi of (RS)-2-phenyl[2-³H]glycine (18 Ci/mmol; Amersham) in 70 μl of 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer pH 6.8 containing 20% of glycerol, 25 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM ATP, 0.15 M NaCl, 4 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM EDTA. After denaturation (SDS alone without mercaptoethanol), the proteins are separated by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE, 6% gel) and visualized with Coomassie blue. Analysis of the radioactivity profile by counting the protein bands as well as by autoradiography (Hyperfilm MP; fluorography after impregnation of the gel with Amersham Amplify) discloses a single radioactive band with a molecular weight of 170,000. TABLE Purification of pristinamycin I synthase IV Purification Protein Sp. Act. Protein Purification Step (mg) (cpm/mg)^(a) (mg) factor Crude extract 2200 3.6 — — Mono Q 16/10 136 58 100 16 Phenyl Superose 32.6 175 72 49 Superdex 200 3.1 870 34 240 Mono Q 5/5 2.0 1000 25 280 Electroelution 0.1 — — — SDS-PAGE

5.5.3. Other Activities Carried by Pristinamycin I Synthase IV

[0251] Purification of the peptide synthase responsible for the incorporation of phenylglycine, described in Example 5.5.2., led to a pure protein of molecular weight 170,000. This protein does not activate the other amino acids tested, especially pipecolic acid or 4-oxopipecolic acid. A second preparation of this protein, performed under the conditions described in 5.5.1.B. eliminating, however, the Phenyl Superose step, starting from another culture of S. pristinaespiralis SP92, the crude extract of which was prepared in a French Press as described in 5.4.1B, led to a protein which, at emergence from the Mono Q HR 5/5 step, was equivalent in purity to that obtained at the same step in the example described in 5.5.1.B., but possessed a molecular weight of approximately 250,000 in SDS-PAGE. This new preparation was competent for the activation and thioesterification of phenylglycine, but possessed, in addition, an ATP-pyrophosphate exchange activity with L-pipecolic acid (1 mM) in the exchange test similar to that described in 5.2.1.A. for 3-hydroxypicolinic acid. Moreover, it could be shown that the 170,000 protein does not possess ATP-pyrophosphate exchange activity with L-pipecolic acid even in preparations of the protein that are still very impure. It should be noted that S. pristinaespiralis SP92 naturally produces small amounts of a pristinamycin IA analogue having a pipecolic acid residue in place of 4-oxopipecolic acid. Hence this demonstrates that the peptide synthase responsible for the incorporation of phenylglycine (pristinamycin I synthase IV) also catalyses the incorporation of the preceding residue (probably pipecolic acid). The difference in molecular weight obtained for pristinamycin I synthase IV in the two preparations (170,000 and 250,000) is attributed to a phenomenon of partial proteolytic cleavage in the first case, leading to loss of the activity of activation of L-pipecolic acid.

5.5.4. Synthesis of Oligonucleotides from the Protein Sequence

[0252] This example describes how, starting from an internal sequence of pristinamycin I synthase IV, it is possible to set about testing for the corresponding gene using suitably chosen oligonucleotides.

[0253] An internal sequence of pristinamycin I synthase IV of 15 amino acids was identified after cyanogen bromide cleavage of the purified protein and purification of the fragments obtained on a Vydac C18 HPLC column.

[0254] Sequence Internal to the Protein Pristinamycin I Synthase IV (See residues 82 to 98 on SEQ ID No. 16) 1       5        10        15 V T V F L N N T R L I Q N F R P R - F - GD

[0255] From the underlined region in this sequence, and in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code specific to Streptomyces (see Example 8), the following mixture of oligonucleotides was synthesized:

[0256] Mixture corresponding to the underlined portion of the internal sequence of the protein pristinamycin I synthase IV: 5′                                 3′  ACG CGC CTC ATC CAG AAC TTC CGC CC   C   G   G                   G       T                       T

5.5.5. Labelling of the Mixtures of Synthetic Oligonucleotides and Southern Hybridization of Cosmid pIBV3 DNA

[0257] This example describes how oligonucleotides specific for a gene for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I may be radioactively labelled and then hybridized with a membrane onto which cosmid pIBV3 DNA has been transferred.

[0258] Labelling of the oligonucleotides is carried out by transfer at the 5′-terminal position of the [γ-³²P]phosphate group of ATP with T4 polynucleotide kinase, as described in 5.1.3.

[0259] Approximately 500 ng of the mixture of oligonucleotides were labelled in this way with ³²P, and were used for Southern hybridization of pIBV3 DNA digested with different enzymes. These hybridizations enabled it to be shown that a portion of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase II was carried by cosmid pIBV3, and enabled the region containing this gene to be identified. Southern blotting and hybridization were carried out as described in Example 5.1.4.

[0260] The hybridization results enabled it to be shown that cosmid pIBV3 possessed a 6.6-kb SphI fragment containing the sequence homologous to the probes synthesized in Example 5.5.4.

5.6. Isolation of Cosmid pIBV4 Containing the Structural Gene for FMN Reductase (snaC)

[0261] This example illustrates how it is possible to obtain a cosmid as constructed in Example 3 containing at least one gene for the biosynthesis of PII.

5.6.1. Identification of FMN Reductase Associated with Pristinamycin IIA Synthase

[0262] This example illustrates how the protein responsible for reduction of FMN by NADH to form the FMNH₂ needed for the reaction catalysed by pristinamycin IIA synthase may be purified to homogeneity from S. pristinaespiralis SP92.

5.6.1.A. Assay of FMN Reductase Activity

[0263] This example illustrates the assay of an activity of the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IIA which has never before been described and which possesses the noteworthy property of being expressed only during the period of production of pristinamycins. The enzyme in question is FMN reductase, also referred to as NADH:FMN oxidoreductase, which catalyses the reduction of FMN to FMNH₂ (FIG. 13) in the presence of NADH. FMN reductases catalysing the same reaction which are specific or otherwise for NADH or NADPH and associated with other biosynthesis pathways have been described elsewhere (Duane et al., 1975, Jablonski et al., 1977, Watanabe et al., 1982).

[0264] Two assays are used to detect this activity:

[0265] The first is based on a coupling with the pristinamycin IIA synthase described in Example 5.1.1., and is used for the first steps of the purification. The enzyme fractions to be assayed (0.002 to 0.005 units) are incubated for 1 hour at 27° C. in a total volume of 500 μl of 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer pH 6.8 containing NADH (500 μM), FMN (2 μM), pristinamycin IIB (20 μM) and 0.01 units of pristinamycin IIA synthase described in Example 5.1.1. The pristinamycin IIA formed is assayed by HPLC as described in Example 5.1.1.A.

[0266] The unit of enzymatic activity is defined as the amount of enzyme needed to synthesize 1 μmol of pristinamycin IIA per minute under the conditions described above.

[0267] The second assay is a spectrophotometric assay, and can be employed only with at least partially purified fractions. The enzyme fractions to be assayed (0.006 to 0.030 units) are incubated for 13 min at 27° C. in a total volume of 3 ml of 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer pH 6.8 containing NADH (500 μM) and FMN (2 μM). After 7 min of incubation, 6 readings of the optical density at 340 nm taken at 1-min intervals are performed against a reference curve without enzyme. The activity in μmol/min is calculated by dividing the slope of decrease per min in the optical density by a factor of 6.2 (optical density of 1 mol of NADH at 340 nm).

[0268] The unit of enzymatic activity is defined as the amount of enzyme needed to consume 1 μmol of NADH per minute under the conditions described above.

5.6.1.B. Purification of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 FMN Reductase

[0269] This experiment illustrates how an enzyme of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 participating in the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IIA may be purified.

[0270] Using the assays described above in Example 5.6.1.A., the purification of FMN reductase is carried out as described below, taking care to freeze and store the active fractions at −30° C. between successive steps if necessary.

[0271] 500 g of a centrifugation pellet, washed with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.2 containing 10% v/v of glycerol, of an S. pristinaespiralis SP92 culture harvested at the beginning of the pristinamycin production phase are taken up with 1500 ml of 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer pH 6.8 containing 5 mM DTT, 10% v/v of glycerol and 0.2 mg/ml of lysozyme. The suspension thereby obtained is incubated for 45 min at 27° C. and then centrifuged at 50,000 g for 1 hour. The crude extract thereby collected is fractionated by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The protein fraction precipitating at between 40 and 75% saturation is desalted on a column of Sephadex G-25 Fine and then injected in pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 5 mM DTT, 10% v/v glycerol onto a column (300 ml) of Q Sepharose Fast Flow. The active proteins are not retained on the column, and they are desalted on a column of Sephadex G-25 Fine and then reinjected in pH 8.2 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 5 mM DTT, 10% v/v glycerol onto a column (35 ml) of Q Sepharose Fast Flow and eluted with a linear KCl gradient (0 to 0.5 M). The fractions containing the enzymatic activity (detected by means of the first test described in Example 5.6.1.A) are pooled, desalted on a column of Sephadex G-25 Fine and then injected in pH 8.2 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 5 mM DTT, 10% v/v glycerol onto a MonoQ HR 10/10 column. The proteins retained are eluted directly by the same buffer to which 0.2 M KCl has been added. They are collected in a volume of 1 ml, which is immediately reinjected onto a column of Superdex 75 HR 10/30 eluted with pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 1 mM DTT, 10% v/v glycerol. The fractions containing the desired activity (detected from this step onwards by means of the spectrophotometric test as described in Example 5.6.1.A) are pooled and the total volume of the pool is made to 7 ml; these 7 ml are injected onto a column packed with 8 ml of FMN-agarose; the column is washed with pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer, 1 mM DTT, 10% v/v glycerol, and then eluted with the same buffer containing 10 μM FMN. The active fractions are pooled, desalted on PD-10 columns, injected in pH 8.2 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 5 mM DTT, 10% v/v glycerol onto a MonoQ HR 5/5 column and eluted with a linear KCl gradient (0 to 0.25 M).

[0272] After this step, the enzyme is pure. In SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, a single fairly broad band is seen, centred at a molecular weight estimated at 28,000, while, in Bio-Sil SEC 125 gel permeation chromatography, this protein forms a symmetrical peak centred around a molecular weight of approximately 30,000.

[0273] For sequencing, the protein is desalted on a 25-cm Vydac C4 column eluted with a linear gradient of from 30 to 70% of acetonitrile in water containing 0.07% of trifluoroacetic acid. TABLE Purification of FMN reductase Purification Vol. Protein Sp. Act.^(a,b) Yield Purification Steps (ml) (mg) (units/mg) (%) factor Crude extract 1620 5100 0.004^(a) 100 1 40-75% A.S. 155 2930 0.005^(a) 68 1.2 Q Seph. pH 6.8 357 180 0.058^(a) 49 14 Q Seph. pH 8.2 153 15 0.36^(a) 25 85 MonoQ HR 10/10 1.0 8.8 0.50^(a) 19 120 4.4^(b) Superdex 75 1.5 3.1 7.4^(b) 12 200 FMN-agarose 7.5 0.28 96^(b) 14 2600 MonoQ HR 5/5 3.0 0.29 68^(b) 11 1900 Bio-sil 125 7.5 0.18 106^(b) 10 2900

[0274] The purification factor is calculated from the increase in specific activity of the fractions during the purification.

5.6.2. Production of Oligonucleotides from the Protein Sequence

[0275] This example describes how, starting from NH₂-terminal and internal sequences of the protein FMN reductase, it is possible to synthesize oligo-nucleotides

[0276] The NH₂-terminal sequence of FMN reductase was deduced by microsequencing as described in Example 5.1.2. About 30 residues were identified in this way.

[0277] (NH₂-Terminal sequences beginning at the 4th and at the 11th residue were also found in the sample sequenced.)

[0278] Two sequences internal to FMN reductase, of 13 and 21 amino acids, were also identified after trypsin hydrolysis and purification of fragments obtained on a Vydac C18 column.

[0279] NH₂-Terminal Sequence of the Protein FMN Reductase (See residues 2 to 25 on SEQ ID No. 7) 1       5         10         15       20              25 T G A D D P A R P A V G P Q S F R D A M A Q L A S P V

[0280] Internal Sequences of the Protein FMN Reductase: (See residues 102 to 122 on SEQ ID No. 7) 1       5        10       15        20 F A G G E F A A W D G T G V P Y L P D A K (See residues 149 to 161 on SEQ ID No. 7) 1       5        10 T G D P A K P P L L W Y R

[0281] From the underlined regions in each of the sequences, and in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code specific to Streptomyces (see Example 8), the following mixtures of oligonucleotides were synthesized:

[0282] Mixture Corresponding to the NH₂-terminal Sequence of the Protein FMN Reductase: 5′                                 3′  TTC CGC GAC GCC ATG GCC CAG CTC GC        G       G       G       G

[0283] Mixtures Corresponding to the Internal Sequences of the Protein FMN Reductase: 5′                                                3′ TTC GCC GGC GGC GAG TTC GCC GCC TGG GAC GGC ACC GG       G   G   G           G   G               G 5′                                       3′ GAC CCC GCC AAG CCC CCC CTG CTG TGG TAC CG       G   G       G   G   C   C

5.6.3. Labelling of the Mixtures of Synthetic Oligonucleotides and Hybridization of the Genomic DNA Libraries of S. pristinaespiralis SP92.

[0284] This example describes how oligonucleotides specific for a gene for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins may be radioactively labelled and then hybridized with membranes onto which DNA of genomic libraries of S. pristinaespiralis has been transferred.

[0285] Labelling the oligonucleotides is carried out by transfer at the 5′-terminal-position of the [γ-³²P]phosphate group of ATP with T4 polynucleotide kinase, as described in Example 5.1.3.

[0286] Approximately 2×500 ng of each mixture of oligonucleotides were labelled in this way with ³²p and were used to hybridize each of the two libraries.

[0287] Hybridization of the membranes of each library was carried out as described in Example 5.1.3.

5.6.4. Isolation of Cosmid pIBV4 and Determination of the Region Containing the Structural Gene for FMN Reductase (snaC)

[0288] Cosmid pIBV4 was isolated from a clone of the library produced in E. coli strain HB101 which hybridized with all three mixtures of oligonucleotides simultaneously.

[0289] This cosmid was purified as described in Example 2. It contains a genomic DNA insert of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 whose size was estimated at 48 kb. A map (FIG. 7) was established from digestions with different restriction enzymes, as described in 5.1.4.

[0290] Southern hybridizations of pIBV4 DNA, digested by means of different enzymes, with the mixtures of oligonucleotides enabled the region containing snaC, the structural gene for FMN reductase, to be identified. Southern blotting and hybridizations were carried out as described in Example 5.1.4.

[0291] The hybridization results enabled it to be shown that cosmid pIBV4 possessed a 4-kb BamHI-BamHI fragment containing the sequences homologous to the probes synthesized in Example 5.6.3.

5.7 Demonstration of the Presence of the Structural Gene for p-aminophenylalanine (phenyl-N)-methyltransferase on Cosmid pIBV2

[0292] This example illustrates how it is possible, starting from a purified protein, to identify the corresponding structural gene from among the genes which have already been analysed and sequenced as described in Examples 6.7 and 7.8 and which have also been expressed in E. coli as described in Example 11.

5.7.1. Identification and Purification of the Protein Involved in the Methylation of p-aminophenyl-alanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine

[0293] This example illustrates how the protein responsible for the methylation of p-aminophenylalanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine [p-aminophenylalanine (phenyl-N)-methyltransferase] may be purified to homogeneity from S. pristinaespiralis strain SP92, and how it may also be obtained pure from a recombinant strain of E. coli.

5.7.1.A. Assay of the Activity of Methylation of p-aminophenylalanine to p-methylaminophenylalanine and of the Activity of Methylation of p-methylamino-phenylalanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine

[0294] This example illustrates the assay of two terminal activities of the biosynthesis of p-dimethyl-aminophenylalanine, a component of pristinamycin IA. These activities have never before been described, and possess the noteworthy property of being expressed only during the period of production of pristinamycins. They are the methylation of p-aminophenylalanine to p-methylaminophenylalanine (methylation 1) on the one hand, and the methylation of p-methylaminophenylalanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine (methylation 2), both of these activities utilizing SAM as a methyl group donor (FIG. 14).

[0295] The enzyme fractions to be assayed (1 to 20 units) are incubated for 30 min at 27° C. in a total volume of 200 μl of pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris propane buffer containing SAM (200 μM) in which the methyl group is radioactively labelled with isotope 14 of the carbon atom (2 Ci/mol), in the presence of p-amino-L-phenylalanine (1 mM) for the assay of methylation 1 or of p-methylamino-L-phenylalanine (2.5 mM) for the assay of methylation 2.

[0296] The reaction is stopped by adding 16 μl of 37% hydrochloric acid and then 20 μl of sodium heptane sulphonate as a concentration of 240 g/l. After centrifugation, 150 μl of supernatant are injected into the HPLC system in the following gradient mode:

[0297] mobile phase: eluent A=1.2 g of sodium heptanesulphonate+2.5 ml of glacial acetic acid+water (qs 1000 ml)

[0298] eluent B=1.2 g of sodium heptanesulphonate+2.5 ml of glacial acetic acid+300 ml of acetonitrile+water (qs 1000 ml) gradient: t (min) % B 0 30 16 30 17 100 20 100 21 30 25 30

[0299] stationary phase: 150×4.6 mm Nucleosil 5 μm C18 column (Macherey-Nagel)

[0300] At outflow from the column, the substrates and products of the enzymatic reaction are quantified by absorption at 254 nm. This detection is coupled to an in-line radiochemical detection by means of a Berthold LB506 detector equipped with a type GT400-U4 solid scintillation cell. This enables the incorporation of radioactive methyl groups into the reaction products to be monitored specifically.

[0301] The unit of enzymatic activity for methylation 1 (for methylation 2) is defined as the amount of enzyme needed to incorporate 1 nmol of methyl groups into p-aminophenylalanine (into p-methylamino-phenylalanine).

5.7.1.B. Purification from S. pristinaespiralis SP92 of the SAM-dependent N-methyltransferase Catalysing the Methylation of p-aminophenylalanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine [p-aminophenylalanine (phenyl-N)-methyltransferase]

[0302] This experiment illustrates how an enzyme of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 participating in the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IA may be purified.

[0303] Using the assay described above in Example 5.7.1.A, the purification of the SAM-dependent N-methyltransferase is carried out as described below, taking care to freeze and store the active fractions at −70° C. between successive steps if necessary.

[0304] 240 g of a centrifugation pellet, washed with pH 7.2 100 mM phosphate buffer, 1 mM PMSF, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, 0.5 M KCl, 10% v/v glycerol, of an S. pristinaespiralis SP92 culture harvested at the beginning of the pristinamycin production phase are taken up in 480 ml of pH 8.0 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 5 mM benzamidine, 0.2 mM Pefabloc, 100 μg/l E-64, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mg/l STI, 2 mg/l aprotinin, 20% v/v glycerol and 2 mg/ml lysozyme, this buffer being maintained at +4° C. The suspension thereby obtained is stirred vigorously at 4° C. After 30 min of stirring, 0.2 mg/ml deoxyribonuclease I and 5 mM MgCl₂ are added. After 90 min of stirring, the extract is centrifuged for 1 hour at 50,000 g. The supernatant is divided into 3 fractions of approximately 180 ml. Each one is desalted by gel permeation on a 500 ml column of Sephadex G-25 Fine equilibrated at the natural flow rate in pH 6.8 20 mM bis-tris buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 5 mM benzamidine, 0.2 mM Pefabloc, 100 μg/l E-64, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mg/l STI, 2 mg/l aprotinin, 20% v/v glycerol. The protein eluate is then chromatographed (400 mg of protein at each cycle) on a MonoQ HR 16/10 column at a flow rate of 6 ml/min with an increasing linear gradient of sodium chloride (0 to 0.3 M) in pH 6.8 20 mM bis-tris buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 2 mM benzamidine, 100 μg/l E-64, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 20% v/v glycerol. At outflow from the column, the fractions are supplemented with 10% v/v of pH 6.8 20 mM bis-tris buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 30 mM benzamidine, 2 mM Pefabloc, 100 μg/l E-64, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, 10 mg/l STI, 10 mg/l aprotinin, 20% v/v glycerol. Under these conditions, both methylation activities (1 and 2) are detected identically in the exclusion fractions and the first elution fractions. These fractions are pooled and concentrated by ultrafiltration on CentriPrep 10. This concentrate is made to 0.85 M ammonium sulphate and then chromatographed (20 to 80 mg at each cycle) on a Phenyl Superose HR 10/10 column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with a decreasing linear gradient of ammonium sulphate (0.85 to 0 M) in pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 2 mM benzamidine, 100 μg/l E-64, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 10% v/v glycerol. At outflow from the column, the fractions are supplemented with 10% v/v of pH 6.8 50 mM bis-tris buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 30 mM benzamidine, 2 mM Pefabloc, 100 μg/l E-64, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mm EGTA, 10 mg/l STI, 10 mg/l aprotinin, 10% v/v glycerol. Under these conditions, both methylation activities (1 and 2) are detected identically in the elution fractions corresponding to approximately 0.15 M ammonium sulphate. These fractions are pooled, concentrated by ultrafiltration on Centricon 10, desalted on PD-10 columns equilibrated in pH 8.2 (at 5° C.) 50 mM Tris buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 2 mM benzamidine, 100 μg/l E-64, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 20% v/v glycerol, and then chromatographed (approximately 10 mg at each cycle) on a MonoQ HR 5/5 column equilibrated in the same buffer at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Under these conditions, the two activities are not retained on the column. At outflow from the column, the exclusion fractions hence containing these two activities are supplemented with 10% v/v of pH 8.2 50 mM Tris buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 30 mM benzamidine, 2 mM Pefabloc, 100 μg/l E-64, 2 mg/l leupeptin, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 20% v/v glycerol. These fractions are then concentrated by ultrafiltration on Centricon 10 and thereafter chromatographed on a 300×7.5 mm 10 μm TSK G2000 SW column equilibrated at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min in pH 7.0 50 mM Hepes buffer containing 4 mM DTE, 0.2 mM Pefabloc, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.15 M sodium chloride. The two activities co-elute in this technique at a retention time corresponding to a molecular weight close to 30,000. After this step, a preponderant protein is visible in SDS-PAGE. It is located at around 32,000. TABLE Purification of the enzyme methylating p-aminophenylalanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine Purification Vol. Protein Sp. Act. Yield Purification Steps (ml) (mg) (units^(a)/mg) (%) factor Crude extract 510 1800 29 — — G-25 Fine 560 1560 34 102 1.17 MonoQ HR 16/10 670 82 430 67 14.8 Phenyl Superose 10 3.48 6300 42 217 MonoQ HR 5/5 7 0.88 17200 29 593 TSK G2000 0.8 0.113 40300 8.7 1390

[0305] The purification factor is calculated from the increase in specific activity of the fractions during the purification.

5.7.1.C. Purification from E. coli pVRC706 of the Recombinant Protein of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 Displaying the SAM-dependent N-methyltransferase Activity Catalysing the Methylation of p-aminophenyl-alanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine

[0306] This experiment illustrates how an enzyme of S. prisinaespiralis SP92 participating in the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin IA and expressed in E. coli by cloning of the papM gene may be purified.

[0307] Using the assay described above in Example 5.7.1.A., we showed that crude extracts of the recombinant strain E. coli::pVRC706 display a strong activity for methylation 1 and for methylation 2, whereas in the control E. coli strain (pMTL23) neither of these two activities was detected. The purification of the SAM-dependent p-aminophenylalanine (phenyl-N)-methyltransferase catalysing the methylation of p-aminophenylalanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine was then carried out.

[0308] Under the same conditions as those described in Example 5.7.1.B., except for a chromatography step which was elminated (step of purification on MonoQ HR 5/5), we purified to homogeneity a protein which possesses a molecular weight in chromatography on a TSK G2000 column and in SDS-PAGE identical to those possessed by the protein purified in Example 5.7.1.B. TABLE Purification of the enzyme methylating p-aminophenylalanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine from E. coli strain pVCR706 Purification Vol. Protein Sp. Act. Yield Purification Steps (ml) (mg) (unots^(a)/mg) (%) factor Crude extract 15 190 235 — — G-25 Fine 22 175 231 91 1 MonoQ HR 16/10 24 13.4 2100 63 8.9 Phenyl Superose 3.0 0.39 35500 31 145 TSK G2000 0.8 0.092 45200 9.3 192

[0309] The purification factor is calculated from the increase in specific activity of the fractions during the purification.

5.7.2. Identification of the Structural Gene for p-aminophenylalanine (phenyl-N)-methyltransferase

[0310] The NH₂-terminal sequence of the 32,000 protein purified in Example 5.7.1.B was determined by microsequencing as described in Example 5.1.2. Ten residues were determined in this way:

TAAAPTLAQA

[0311] The NH₂-terminal sequence of the 32,000 protein purified in Example 5.7.1.C was determined by microsequencing as described in Example 5.1.2. Ten residues were determined in this way:

TAAAPTLAQA

[0312] In both cases the same residues are found, and this sequence corresponds exactly to the beginning of the protein sequence which is deduced from the sequence of the papM gene (see residues 2 to 11 on SEQ ID no. 10). The purified p-aminophenylalanine (phenyl-N)-methyltransferase is hence the protein PapM.

EXAMPLE 6 Subcloning of DNA Fragments Cloned into Cosmids as Prepared in Example 3 and Containing the Genes of Interest

[0313] This example illustrates how, starting from cosmids constructed as described in Example 3 and containing genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins II or pristinamycins I, it is possible to subclone DNA fragments containing these genes.

[0314] These subclonings were performed in order to be able to deduce subsequently the nucleic acid sequence of the genes identified, as well as to carry out the different construction presented in the examples which follow.

6.1. Isolation of the 5.5-kb EcoRI-BglII Fragment Containing the Structural Gene for 3-hydroxypicolinic Acid:AMP Ligase

[0315] This example describes how, starting from cosmid pIBV2 containing the structural gene for 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase, it is possible to subclone a DNA fragment of smaller size containing this gene.

[0316] Approxmiately 10 μg of cosmid pIBV2 were cut successively with the restriction enzymes BglII and EcoRI (New England Biolabs) under the conditions recommended by the supplier. The restriction fragments thereby obtained were separated by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel, and the 5.5-kb BglII-EcoRI fragment was isolated by electroelution as described in Maniatis et al. (1989).

[0317] Approximately 100 ng of pUC19 (Viera and Messing 1982) cut with BamHI and EcoRI were ligated with 200 ng of the 5.5-kb BglII-EcoRI fragment under the conditions described in Example 3.3.

[0318] After transformation of the strain TG1 and selection of the transformants on solid LB medium containing 150 μg/ml of ampicillin and 20 μg/ml of X-gal according to the technique described by Maniatis et al. (1989), a clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated. The recombinant plasmid was designated pVRC402. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 15(A). It was shown by hybridization, in Example 5.2., that the 5.5-kb EcoRI-BglII fragment contains the structural gene for S. pristinaespiralis SP92 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase. Plasmid pVRC402 hence contains the structural gene for S. pristinaespiralis SP92 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase.

6.2. Isolation of a 4.6-kb BglII-BglII Fragment from Cosmid pIBV2

[0319] This example describes how, starting from cosmid pIBV2, it is possible to subclone a DNA fragment of smaller size for the purpose of identifying, in the regions adjacent to the structural gene for 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase, the presence of other genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I.

[0320] The different cloning steps were carried out as described above.

[0321] Approximately 10 μg of cosmid pIBV2 were cut with BglII. The restriction fragments thereby obtained were separated by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel, and the 4.6-kb BglII-BglII fragment was isolated by electroelution.

[0322] Approximately 100 ng of pUC19 cut with BamHI were ligated with 200 ng of the BglII-BglII fragment.

[0323] A clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated after transformation of the strain TG1 as described in Example 6.1. The recombinant plasmid was designated pVRC501. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 15(B).

6.3. Isolation of the 6-kb BamHI-BamHI Fragment Containing the Structural Genes for the Two Subunits of Pristinamycin IIA Synthase

[0324] This example describes how, starting from cosmid pIBV1, it is possible to subclone a DNA fragment of smaller size containing the structural genes for the two subunits of pristinamycin IIA synthase.

[0325] The different cloning steps were carried out as described above.

[0326] Approximately 10 μg of cosmid pIBV1 were cut with BamHI. The restriction fragments thereby obtained were separated by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel, and the 6-kb BamHI fragment was isolated by electroelution.

[0327] Approximately 100 ng of pBKS⁻(Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla Calif.) cut with BamHI were ligated with 200 ng of the 6-kb BamHI fragment.

[0328] A clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated after transformation of the strain TG1. The recombinant plasmid was designated pXL2045. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 16. It was shown by hybridization, in Example 5.1, that the 6-kb BamHI fragment contains the snaA and snaB genes coding for the two subunits of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 pristinamycin IIA synthase. Plasmid pXL2045 hence contains the snaA and snaB genes coding for the two subunits of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 pristinamycin IIA synthase.

6.4. Isolation of the 6.2-kb SphI Fragment Containing a Portion of the Structural Gene for Pristinamycin I Synthase II

[0329] This example describes how, starting from cosmid pIBV3, it is possible to subclone a DNA fragment of smaller size containing a portion of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase II.

[0330] The different cloning steps were carried out as described above.

[0331] Approximately 10 μg of cosmid pIBV3 were cut with SphI. The restriction fragments thereby obtained were separated on 0.8% agarose gel, and the 6.2-kb SphI fragment was isolated by the technique of the “Geneclean” kit marketed by the company Bio101-Ozyme.

[0332] Approximately 100 ng of pUC19 cut with SphI were ligated with 200 ng of the 6.2-kb SphI fragment.

[0333] A clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated after transformation of the strain TG1. The recombinant plasmid was designated pVRC1105. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 17.

6.5. Isolation of the 8.4-kb SphI Fragment Containing a Portion of the Structural Gene for Pristinamycin I Synthase III

[0334] This example describes how, starting from cosmid pIBV3, it is possible to subclone a DNA fragment of smaller size containing a portion of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase III.

[0335] The different cloning steps were carried out as described above.

[0336] Approximately 10 μg of cosmid pIBV3 were cut with SphI. The restriction fragments thereby obtained were separated on 0.8% agarose gel, and the 8.4-kb SphI fragment was isolated by the technique of the “Geneclean” kit marketed by the company Bio101-Ozyme.

[0337] Approximately 100 ng of pUC19 cut with SphI were ligated with 200 ng of the 8.4-kb SphI fragment.

[0338] A clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated after transformation of the strain TG1. The recombinant plasmid was designated pVRC1106. Its restriction map is represented in FIG. 18.

6.6. Isolation of a 6.6-kb SphI Fragment Containing a Portion of the Structural Gene for Pristinamycin I Synthase IV

[0339] This example describes how, starting from cosmid pIBV3, it is possible to subclone a DNA fragment of smaller size containing a portion of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase IV.

[0340] The different cloning steps were carried out as described above.

[0341] Approximately 10 μg of cosmid pIBV3 were cut with SphI. The restriction fragments thereby obtained were separated on 0.8% agarose gel, and the 6.6-kb SphI fragment was isolated by the technique of the “Geneclean” kit marketed by the company Bio101-Ozyme.

[0342] Approximately 100 ng of pUC19 cut with SphI were ligated with 200 ng of the 6.6-kb SphI fragment.

[0343] A clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated after transformation of the strain TG1. The recombinant plasmid was designated pVRC1104. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 19.

6.7 Isolation of the 17-kb HindIII-HindIII Fragment Containing Cosmid pHC79 and Carrying the Genes Located Upstream of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP Ligase (Pristinamycin I Synthase I)

[0344] This example describes how, starting from cosmid pIBV2 containing the structural gene for 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase, it is possible to delete a large portion of this cosmid and retain only the portion located upstream of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase.

[0345] Approximately 200 ng of cosmid pIBV2 were cut with the restriction enzyme HindIII. The enzyme was denatured for 30 min at 85° C. as recommended by the supplier. Cosmid pIBV2 digested in this way was precipitated with ethanol as described in Maniatis et al. (1989) and religated with itself in a volume of 50 μl.

[0346] After transformation of the strain TG1 and selection of the transformants on solid LB+150 μg/ml of ampicillin according to the technique described by Maniatis et al. (1989), a clone containing cosmid pHC79 and the portion located upstream of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase (the whole corresponding to a size of approximately 17 kb) was isolated. The recombinant plasmid was designated pVRC900. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 20.

6.8. Isolation of the 1.4-kb BamHI-SstI Fragment Originating from Cosmid pIBV3

[0347] This example describes how, starting from cosmid pIBV3 containing the snaA gene coding for the large subunit of PIIA synthase, it is possible to subclone a DNA fragment located upstream in order to study and sequence it.

[0348] Approximately 10 μg of cosmid pIBV3 were cut successively with the restriction enzymes SstI and BamHI. The restriction fragments thereby obtained were separated on 0.8% agarose gel, and the 1.4-kb BamHI-SstI fragment was isolated by the technique of the “Geneclean” kit marketed by the company Bio101-Ozyme.

[0349] Approximately 100 ng of pDH5 (Hilleman et al. 1991) cut with BamHI and SstI were ligated with 200 ng of the BamHI-SstI fragment under the conditions described in Example 3.3.

[0350] After transformation of the strain TG1 and selection of the transformants of solid LB+150 μg/ml of ampicillin+X-gal according to the technique described by Maniatis et al. (1989), a clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated. The recombinant plasmid-was designated pVRC1000. Its restriction map is represented in FIG. 21.

6.9. Isolation of the 4-kb BamHI-BamHI Fragment Containing the Structural Gene for FMN Reductase

[0351] This example describes how, starting from cosmid pIBV4 containing the structural gene for FMN reductase (snaC), it is possible to subclone a DNA fragment of smaller size containing this gene.

[0352] The different cloning steps were carried out as described above.

[0353] Approximately 10 μg of cosmid pIBV4 were cut with the restriction enzyme BamHI. The restriction fragments thereby obtained were separated on 0.8% agarose gel, and the 4-kb BamHI-BamHI fragment was isolated by electroelution.

[0354] Approximately 100 ng of pUC19 cut with BamHI were ligated with 200 ng of the 4-kb BamHI-BamHI fragment.

[0355] After transformation of E. coli strain DH5α (supE44 DlacU169 (f80lacZDM15) hsdR17 recA1 endA1 gyrA96 thi-1 relA1) (Hanahan, 1983) and selection of the transformants on solid LB+150 μg/ml of ampicillin+X-gal according to the technique described by Maniatis et al. (1989), a clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated. The recombinant plasmid was designated pVRC509. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 22.

EXAMPLE 7 Sequence of the Isolated DNA Fragments Containing the Genes for the Biosynthesis of Pristinamycins of S. pristinaespiralis SP92

[0356] This example illustrates the sequencing of DNA fragments carrying, on the one hand genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins of the pristinamycin I family, and on the other hand genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins of the pristinamycin II family, of the S. pristinaespiralis strain.

7.1. Sequencing of a 5-kb BamHI-XhoI Fragment

[0357] This example illustrates how the nucleotide sequence of a fragment containing the snaA and snaB genes of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 may be obtained.

[0358] The BamHI-XhoI fragment is part of the 6-kb BamHI-BamHI fragment which was cloned into phasmid pBKS⁻ to give plasmid pXL2045 described in Example 6.3. Subfragments of this 5-kb BamHI-XhoI insert were then obtained by enzymatic digestion and thereafter subcloned into phages M13mp18 or M13mp19 (Messing et al, 1981) in both orientations. The subcloning sites used are the following: EcoRI, PstI, PstI, NruI, EcoRI, NruI, NotI, SalI, SstI, XhoI, SalI and XhoI, and are shown in FIG. 16.

[0359] These different inserts were sequenced by the chain-termination reaction method, using as a synthetic primer the universal primer (Maniatis et al, 1989) or oligonucleotides which are synthesized (as is described in Example 5) and are complementary to a sequence of 20 nucleotides of the insert to be sequenced.

[0360] The overlap between these different inserts enabled the total nucleotide sequence to be established on both strands of the BamHI-XhoI fragment which comprises 5392 bp (SEQ ID no. 1).

7.2. Sequencing of a Region of 1870 bp of the 5.5-kb EcoRI-BglII Fragment

[0361] This example illustrates how the nucleotide sequence of a fragment containing the snbA gene of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 may be obtained.

[0362] The region of 1870 bp sequenced is part of the 5.5-kb EcoRI-BglII fragment which was cloned into plasmid pUC19 to give plasmid pVRC402 described in Example 6 (FIG. 15(A). Subfragments of the 5.5-kb EcoRI-BglII insert were obtained by enzymatic cleavage and then subcloned into phages M13mp18 or M13mp19 in both orientations. The subcloning sites are HindIII, PstI and HindIII, and are shown in FIG. 15(A).

[0363] The overlap between these fragments enabled the total sequence of the Sau3A-Sau3A region, which comprises 1870 bp (SEQ ID no. 5), to be established.

7.3. Sequence of a Region of 1830 bp in the 4.6-kb BglII-BglII Fragment

[0364] This example illustrates how the nucleotide sequence of a fragment adjacent to that which contains the snbA gene of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 may be obtained.

[0365] This sequence was deduced by subcloning the 1-kb BamHI-PstI and 2.1-kb PstI-EcoRI fragments (FIG. 15(B)) from pVRC501 (Example 6) into the vectors M13mp18 and M13mp19. The PstI site was traversed by subcloning a 423-bp Sau3A-Sau3A fragment overlapping this site, followed by sequencing. The sequence of 1830 bp thereby obtained is shown in (SEQ ID no. 6).

7.4. Sequencing of Two Regions of 227 bp and 247 bp of the 6.2-kb SphI Fragment

[0366] This example illustrates how the nucleotide sequence of fragments containing a portion of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase II (snbC) of S. pristinaespiralis may be obtained.

[0367] The regions of 227 and 247 bp sequenced are parts of the 6.2-kb SphI fragment which was cloned into plasmid pUC19 to give plasmid pVRC1105 described in Example 6.4 (FIG. 17). Subfragments of the 6.2-kb SphI insert were obtained by enzymatic cleavage and then subcloned into phages M13mp18 or M13mp19 in both orientations. The subcloning sites are XhoI, PstI and BglII, and are shown in FIG. 17. The 227-bp PstI-BglII fragment was sequenced completely, and 247 bp were sequenced from the 900-bp XhoI fragment: these sequences are presented in SEQ ID nos. 11 and 12.

7.5. Sequencing of Two Regions of 192 bp and 474 bp of the 8.4-kb SphI Fragment

[0368] This example illustrates how the nucleotide sequence of fragments containing portions of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase III (snbD) of S. pristinaespiralis may be obtained.

[0369] The regions of 192 and 474 bp sequenced are parts-of the 8.4-kb SphI fragment which was cloned into plasmid pUC19 to give plasmid pVRC1106 described in Example 6.5 (FIG. 18). Subfragments of the 8.4-kb SphI insert were obtained by enzymatic cleavage and then subcloned into phages M13mp18 or M13mp19 in both orientations. The subcloning sites are XhoI, PstI, SphI and BglII, and are shown in FIG. 18.

[0370] The 192-bp BglII-SphI and 474-bp PstI-XhoI fragments were sequenced completely: these sequences are presented in SEQ ID nos. 13 and 14.

7.6 Sequencing of two Regions of 485 bp and 291 bp of the 6.6-kb SphI Fragment

[0371] This example illustrates how the nucleotide sequence of fragments containing portions of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase IV (snbE) of S. pristinaespiralis may be obtained.

[0372] The regions of 291 and 485 bp sequenced are parts of the 6.6-kb SphI fragment which was cloned into plasmid pUC19 to give plasmid pVRC1104 described in Example 6.6 (FIG. 19). Subfragments of the 6.6-kb SphI insert were obtained by enzymatic cleavage and then subcloned into phages M13mp18 or M13mp19 in both orientations. The subcloning sites are XhoI, PstI and SphI, and are shown in FIG. 19. The 485-bp XhoI-SphI fragment was sequenced completely, and 291 bp were sequenced from the 1500-bp PstI fragment: these sequences are presented in SEQ ID nos. 15 and 16.

7.7. Sequence of a Region of 645 bp in a 3.4-kb XhoI-XhoI Fragment Isolated from pVRC900

[0373] This example illustrates how the nucleotide sequence of a fragment located upstream of that which contains the snbA gene of S. pristinaespiralis may be obtained.

[0374] To deduce this sequence, the 3.4-kb XhoI-XhoI fragment was subcloned beforehand into the vector pUC18 from the vector pVRC900 described in 6.7. The different cloning steps were carried out as described in 6.1: plasmid pVRC900 was digested with the restriction enzyme XhoI, and the fragments thereby obtained were separated on 0.8% agarose gel. The 3.4-kb XhoI-XhoI fragment was purified by electroelution and was ligated with pUC18 cut with the restriction enzyme SalI. After transformation into TG1, a clone carrying the 3.4-kb XhoI-XhoI fragment was isolated. The recombinant plasmid was referred to as pVRC903. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 23.

[0375] The 645-bp sequence was then deduced by subcloning the 1.4-kb PvuII-EcoRI and 0.9-kb PvuII-EcoRI fragments (FIG. 23) from pVRC903 described above into the vectors M13mp18 and M13mp19. To carry out these clonings, the vectors M13mp18 and M13mp19 were first digested with the restriction enzyme BamHI; the cohesive ends thereby liberated were filled in with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I (Klenow: New England Biolabs) according to-the technique described by Maniatis et al. (1989) so as to generate blunt ends compatible with the ends liberated by PuvII digestion; the vectors were then digested with the restriction enzyme EcoRI. The PvuII site was traversed by subcloning a 2.2-kb PstI-PstI fragment, isolated from pVRC903, overlapping this site. The sequence of 645 bp thereby obtained is shown in SEQ ID no. 9.

7.8. Sequence of a Region of 1050 bp in a 4.1-kb PstI-PstI Fragment Isolated from pVRC900

[0376] This example illustrates how the nucleotide sequence of a fragment located upstream of that which contains the snbA gene of S. pristinaespiralis may be obtained.

[0377] To deduce this sequence, a 4.1-kb PstI-PstI fragment was subcloned beforehand into the vector pUC19 from the vector pVRC900 described in 6.7. The different cloning steps were carried out as described in 6.1. Plasmid pVRC900 was digested with restriction enzyme PstI, and the fragments thereby obtained were separated on 0.8% agarose gel. The 4.1-kb PstI-PstI fragment was purified by electroelution and was ligated with pUC19 cut with the restriction enzyme PstI. After transformation into TG1, a clone carrying the 4.1-kb PstI-PstI fragment was isolated. The recombinant plasmid was referred to as pVRC409. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 24.

[0378] This sequence was then deduced by subcloning the 0.7-kb XhoI-XhoI and 1-kb XhoI-StuI fragments (FIG. 24) from pVRC409 described above into the vectors 13mp18 and M13mp19. The XhoI site internal to the sequence was traversed by double-strand sequencing from plasmid pVRC409. The sequence of 1050 bp thereby obtained is shown in SEQ ID no. 10.

7.9. Sequence of a Region of 640 bp in the 1.4-kb BamHI-SstI Fragment

[0379] This example illustrates how the nucleotide sequence of a fragment adjacent to that which contains the snaA and snaB genes of S. pristinaespiralis coding for the two subunits of PIIA synthase may be obtained.

[0380] This sequence was deduced by subcloning the 1.4-kb BamHI-SstI fragment (FIG. 21) from pVRC1000 (Example 6.8) into the vectors M13mp18 and M13mp19 (see Example 7.1). The sequence of 640 bp obtained is shown in SEQ ID no. 8.

7.10. Sequencing of the XhoI-KpnI Region of 694 bp Present in the 4-kb BamHI-BamHI Fragment

[0381] This example illustrates how the nucleotide sequence of a fragment containing the snaC gene of S. pristinaespiralis may be obtained.

[0382] The region of 694 bp sequenced is part of the 4-kb BamHI-BamHI fragment which was cloned into plasmid pUC19 to give plasmid pVRC509 described in Example 6.9. A 694-bp XhoI-KpnI fragment, obtained by double digestion of plasmid pVRC509 with the restriction :enzymes XhoI and KpnI and which hybridizes with the 3 oligonucleotide probes described in 5.6, was cloned into phages M13mp18 and M13mp19. The XhoI and KpnI subcloning sites are shown in FIG. 22.

[0383] The sequence of the 694-bp fragment thereby obtained is presented in SEQ ID no. 7.

EXAMPLE 8 Anaysis of the Nucleotide Sequences by Determination of the Open Reading Frames

[0384] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine the open reading frames present in the nucleotide sequences defined in Example 7, and to identify the genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I and pristinamycin II of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 as well as the polypeptides encoded by these genes.

8.1. 5-kb BamHI-XhoI Fragment (pXL2045)

[0385] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine the open reading frames present within the 5-kb BamHI-XhoI fragment isolated above and sequenced as described in Examples 6 and 7.

[0386] We looked for the presence of open reading frames within the 5-kb BamHI-XhoI fragment utilizing the fact that Streptomyces DNA has a high percentage of G and C bases as well as a strong bias in the use of the codons of which the coding frames are composed (Bibb et al. 1984). The Staden and McLachlan (1982) method enables the probability of the coding frames to be calculated on the basis of the use of the codons of Streptomyces genes which are already sequenced and collated in a file containing 19673 codons obtained from the BISANCE data-processing server (Dessen et al. 1900).

[0387] This method enabled four highly probable open reading frames, which are shown in the following table, to be characterized within the 5-kb BamHI-XhoI fragment. They are designated frames 1 to 4 according to their position starting from the BamHI site. For each one, their length in bases, their position within the fragment (the BamHI site being located at position 1) and also the molecular weight in kDa of the corresponding protein are given. Frames 1, 3 and 4 are coded by the same strand and frame 2 by the complementary strand (FIG. 16). Frame number MW in kDa of number and number of of amino the protein gene name Position nucleotides acids encoded 1 (snaA) 48- 1266 422 46.5 1313 2 2530- 1203 401 — 1328 3 (snaB) (inv) 831 277 29 2692- 4 (samS) 3522 1206 402 43 3558- 4763

[0388] Frames 1 and 3 correspond respectively to the proteins SnaA (SEQ ID no. 2) and SnaB (SEQ ID no. 3) isolated above as described in Example 5 and for which the cloning of the genes is detailed in Example 6. In effect, the NH₂-terminal sequences of the products of ORFs 1 and 3 are identical to the NH₂-terminal sequences found for the proteins SnaA and SnaB, respectively, in Example 5.1.2, apart from the amino-terminal methionine which has been excized. Moreover, the molecular masses calculated from the sequences are comparable to the apparent molecular masses of the proteins SnaA and SnaB, estimated, respectively, in SDS-PAGE as described in Example 5.

[0389] Comparison of the product of open reading frame no. 4 with the protein sequences contained in the NBRF bank reveals a homology with various S-adenosylmethionine (or SAM) synthases, in particular of E. coli (Markham et al., (1984), of rat (Horikawa et al., 1989) and of S. cerevisiae (Thomas et al., 1988). The percentage homology values calculated over the whole of the sequence using Kanehisa's (1984) algorithm vary from 51.8 to 55.4%.

[0390] These sequence comparisons hence enable it to be demonstrated that the product of open reading frame no. 4 is an SAM synthase involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I or II. This gene was designated SamS (SEQ ID no. 4).

[0391] The demonstration of the involvement of the SamS gene in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins is confirmed by the construction of the SP92 mutant disrupted in this gene, as described in Example 9.2.

[0392] Comparison of the sequence of the product of open reading frame no. 2 with the protein sequences contained in the Genpro bank reveals that an internal portion of this protein is 36% homologous with an internal portion of the first open reading frame of the insertion sequence (IS891) of Anabaena (Bancroft and Wolk, 1989). This result suggests that open reading frame no. 2, designated ORF 401, belongs to an insertion sequence, and that there is hence an insertion sequence located between the snaA and snaB genes.

8.2. 1870-bp Sau3A-Sau3A Fragment (pVRC4021)

[0393] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine open reading frames present within the 1870-bp Sau3A-Sau3A fragment isolated above and sequenced as described in Examples 6 and 7.

[0394] The search for open reading frames for the Sau3A-Sau3A fragment was performed as above. A single complete open reading frame could be demonstrated in this way. Its characteristics are as follows: this frame extends from position 109 to position 1858 of the Sau3A-Sau3A fragment, which corresponds to a frame of 1749 bases coding for a protein of 582 amino acids having a molecular mass of 61400 Da. This protein corresponds to the protein SnbA purified above as described in Example 5 and for which the cloning of the gene is detailed in Example 6. In effect, the NE₂-terminal sequence of the product of the ORF present on the Sau3A-Sau3A fragment is identical to the NE₂-terminal sequence found for the protein SabA in Example 5.2. The molecular mass of 61400 Da calculated from the sequence is comparable to the apparent molecular mass of the protein SnbA, estimated at 67000 Da in SDS-PAGE and at 60000 Da by gel permeation as described in Example 5.2.1.B.

[0395] The snbA gene hence codes for the enzyme which catalyses the formation of the acyladenylate 3-hydroxypicolinyl-AMP from one molecule of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid and one molecule of ATP: 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase (SEQ ID no. 5).

8.3. 1830-bp Fragment (pVRC501)

[0396] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine the open reading frames present within the 1830-bp fragment sequenced from the 3.1-kb BamHI-EcoRI fragment isolated above.

[0397] The search for open reading frames for the 1830-bp fragment was performed as above. A single complete open reading frame could be demonstrated in this way. Its characteristics are as follows: the probable beginning of this frame is located at position 103 and the end at position 1686 of the region of 1830 bp sequenced from the BamHI-EcoRI fragment, which corresponds to a protein of 528 amino acids having an approximate molecular weight of 54000.

[0398] Comparison of the sequence of this protein with the sequences contained in the Genepro bank reveals that it is homologous to proteins having a transport function for various metabolites, in particular for tetracycline in various microorganisms (Khan and Novick, 1983; Hoshino et al., 1985), actinorhodine (Fernandez-Moreno et al., 1991) and methylenomycin (Neal and Chater, 1987b) in S. coelicolor.

[0399] These data indicate that the product of the open reading frame contained in the 3.1-kb BamHI-EcoRI fragment is a transport protein enabling pristinamycins I (and possibly pristinamycins II) to be exported out of the cell. This protein was designated SnbR and the corresponding gene snbR (SEQ ID no. 6).

[0400] Analysis of the hydrophobicity profile of the protein SnbR by the method of Kyte and Doolittle (1982) corroborates its membrane localization and hence its transport function.

8.4. 1050-bp Fragment (pVRC409)

[0401] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine the open reading frames present within the 1050-bp fragment sequenced above from pVRC409 as described in Example 7.8.

[0402] The search for open reading frames for the 1050-bp fragment was performed as above. A single complete open reading frame could be demonstrated in this way. Its characteristics are as follows: this phase extends from position 84 to position 962 of the sequenced portion, which corresponds to a frame of 878 bases coding for a protein of 292 amino acids having a molecular mass of 32000 Da. This protein was referred to as protein PapM. It was, moreover, purified from S. pristinaespiralis strain SP92 as described in Example 5. The molecular mass of 32000 Da calculated from the sequence is identical to the apparent molecular mass of 32000 Da estimated on SDS-PAGE as described in Example 5. Moreover, the NH₂-terminal sequence of this protein, deduced as described in Example 5, corresponds well to the NE₂-terminal sequence of the protein PapM identified by analysis of the open reading frames of the sequence of 1050,bp (SEQ ID no. 10).

8.5. 220-bp and 247-bp Fragments (pVRC1105)

[0403] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine the open reading frames present within the 227-bp and 247-bp fragments sequenced from pVRC1105 as described in Examples 6 and 7.

[0404] The search for open reading frames for these two fragments was performed as above. An incomplete reading frame could be demonstrated in both cases over the whole length of the fragment.

[0405] The sequence obtained from the open reading frame identified on the 247-bp fragment isolated from the 900-bp XhoI fragment contains one of the internal sequences of the protein SnbC purified as described in Example 5.

[0406] Comparison of the product of the open reading frames identified on the 227-bp and 247-bp fragments isolated from pVRC1105 with sequences of the Genpro bank reveals that they are homologous to peptide synthases. The one deduced from the 227-bp fragment displays 24.5% homology with Acremonium chrysogenum (α-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline synthetase (Gutierrez et al. 1991). The one deduced from the 247-bp fragment displays 34.9% homology with Bacillus gramicidin S synthase II (Hori et al. 1991) and 28% homology with Acremonium chrysogenum (α-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline synthetase (Gutierrez et al. 1991).

[0407] This confirms that cosmid pIBV3 isolated in Example 5.1 does indeed contain a portion of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase II described in Example 5.3, designated SnbC (SEQ ID no. 11 and 12).

8.6. 192-bp and 474-bp Fragments (pVRC1106)

[0408] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine the open reading frames present within the 192-bp and 474-bp fragments sequenced from pVRC1106 as described in Examples 6 and 7.

[0409] To search for open reading frames for these two fragments was performed as above. An incomplete reading frame could also be demonstrated on the 192-bp fragment isolated from pVRC1106. Its characteristics are as follows: this frame begins at position 29 of the portion sequenced in the direction of BglII. No stop codon was identified, indicating that this open frame is not terminated.

[0410] The sequence obtained from the open reading frame identified on the 192-bp BglII-SphI fragment contains the internal sequence of the protein SnbD purified as described in Example 5, which proves, in fact, to be the NE₂-terminal sequence of the protein.

[0411] An incomplete reading frame could be demonstrated over the whole length of the 474-bp XhoI-PstI fragment.

[0412] Comparison of the product of the open reading frame identified on the 474-bp fragment isolated from pVRC1106 with the sequences of the Genpro bank reveals that this protein fragment displays from 30 to 40% homology with peptide synthases, for example 39.4% with Bacillus gramicidin S synthase II (Hori et al. 1991) and and 34% with Acremonium chrysogenum (α-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline synthetase (Gutierrez et al. 1991).

[0413] This confirms that cosmid pIBV3 isolated in Example 5.1 does indeed contain a portion of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase III described in Example 5.4, designated SnbD (SEQ ID nos. 13 and 14).

8.7. 291-pb and 485-bp Fragments (pVRC1104)

[0414] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine the open reading frames present within the 291-bp and 485-bp fragments sequenced from pVRC1104 as described in Examples 6 and 7.

[0415] The search for open frames for these two fragments was performed as above. An incomplete reading frame could be demonstrated in both cases over the whole length of the fragment.

[0416] The sequence obtained from the open frame identified on the 291 fragment isolated from the 1450-bp PstI fragment contains the internal sequence of the protein SnbE purified as described in Example 5.

[0417] Comparison of the product of the open frame identified on the 485-bp XhoI-SphI fragment isolated from pVRC1104 with the sequences of the Genpro bank reveals that it is homologous to peptide synthases, for example 34.7% homologous with Bacillus gramicidin S synthase II (Hori et al. 1991) and and 36.2% with Acremonium chrysogenum (α-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline synthetase (Gutierrez et al. 1991).

[0418] This confirms that cosmid pIBV3 isolated in Example 5.1 does indeed contain a portion of the structural gene for pristinamycin I synthase IV described in Example 5.5, designated SnbE (SEQ ID 15 and 16).

8.8. 645-bp Fragment (pVRC903)

[0419] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine the open reading frames present within the 645-bp fragment sequenced above from plasmid pVRC903 as described in Example 6.7.

[0420] The search for open reading frames for the 645-bp fragment was performed as above. An incomplete open reading frame could be demonstrated in this way. Its characteristics are as follows: this frame affords two possibilities for initiation of translation, a GTG at position 61 and a GTG at position 70 of the sequenced portion (the ATG located at position 124 was not taken into account owing to the sequence homologies described later). Analysis of the probabilities of the presence of Shine-Dalgarno regions does not make it possible to distinguish which of these codons corresponds to the initiation. No stop codon was identified, which indicates that this open reading frame is not terminated. The gene identified in this way was referred to as papA, and the corresponding protein was referred to as protein PapA (SEQ ID no. 9).

[0421] Comparison of the product of the open reading frame identified in the 3.4-kb XhoI-XhoI fragment isolated from pVRC900 with sequences contained in the Genpro bank reveals that it is homologous to the II components of proteins of the p-aminobenzoate synthase and anthranilate synthase type, involved, respectively, in the synthesis of p-aminobenzoic acid (folic acid precursor) and in the synthesis of anthranilic acid (tryptophan precursor) of various microorganisms. It displays, in particular, a 48% homology with the protein TrpG of Azospirillum (Zimmer W., Aparicio C., and Elmerich c. Mol. Gen. Genet. (1991) 229:41-51) and a 47% homology with the protein PabA of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kaplan J. B., Merkel W. K. and Nichols B. P. J. Mol. Biol. (1985) 183:327-340). The proteins TrpG and PabA carry the glutaminase activity involved in the transamination of chorismic acid. The homologies demonstrated tend to show that the protein PapA might be involved as well in the activity of transamination of chorismic acid. Chorismic acid is proposed as a precursor of p-dimethylaminophenyl-alanine, a component of pristinamycins I, by analogy with the synthesis of chloramphenicol, an antibiotic deduced by Streptomyces (Sharka B., Westlake D. W. S. and Vining L. C. (1970) Chem. Zvesti 24, 66-72).

[0422] The role of the protein PapA will be shown subsequently (Example 9.3.) by analysis of mutants of the strain SP92 in the PapA gene.

8.9. 1.5-kb BamHI-SstI fragment (PVRC1000)

[0423] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine the open reading frames present within the 1.5-kb BamHI-SstI fragment isolated above and sequenced as described in Examples 6.8 and 7.9.

[0424] The search for open reading frames for the sequenced region of 640 bp present in the 1.5-kb BamHI-SstI fragment was performed as described in Example, 8.1. A single complete open reading frame could be demonstrated in this way. No initiation and no termination of translation could be demonstrated, which indicates that the sequenced region of 640 bp is probably internal to a much larger reading frame, designated snaD (SEQ ID no. 8).

[0425] Comparison of the protein sequence encoded by the region of 640 bp with the protein sequences contained in the Genpro and NBRF banks reveals that this protein is 20-25% homologous to an internal portion of peptide synthases such as B. brevis gramicidin synthase I (Hori et al. 1989), B. brevis tyrocidin synthase I (Weckermann et al. 1988) and Acremonium chrysogenum ACV synthase (Gutierrez et al. (1991).

[0426] These data indicate that the protein partially encoded by the region of 640 bp is probably a peptide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of the peptide portion of pristinamycins II: in effect, all the peptide synthases involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I have already been identified in other regions of the S. pristinaespiralis chromosome, as is described in Examples 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5.

8.10. 694-bp Fragment (pVRC509)

[0427] This example illustrates how it is possible to determine the open reading frames present within the 694-bp fragment sequenced above from pVRC509 as described in Examples 6 and 7.

[0428] The search for open reading frames for the 694-bp fragment was performed as above. An incomplete open reading frame could be demonstrated in this way. Its characteristics are as follows: this frame begins at position 210 of the sequenced portion. No stop codon was identified, which indicates that this open frame is not terminated. Hence the molecular mass of the corresponding protein cannot be calculated and compared to the apparent molecular mass of 28,000 Da of the FMN reductase, estimated on SDS-PAGE as described in Example 5.6. On the other hand, the NH₂-terminal sequence of the protein identified in this way by analysis of, the open reading frames of the sequence of 694-bp is identical to that NH₂-terminal sequence of the proteins SnaC purified as described in Example 5. Similarly, the two internal protein sequences of the FMN reductase described in 5.6 occur in the protein deduced from the sequenced portion. This confirms that the gene isolated from cosmid pIBV4 does indeed correspond to the protein FMN reductase described in Example 5.6, designated SnaC (SEQ ID no. 7).

[0429] A study of the DNA fragments of S. pristinaespiralis strain SP92 carried by cosmids pIBV1 to pIBV2 demonstrated the presence of several genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins II and pristinamycins l. The snaA, snaB and samS genes code for enzymes participating in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins II, pristinamycin IIA synthase and probably SAM synthase, and are grouped together physically on a large DNA fragment cloned into plasmid pIBV1. Similarly, the snbA, snbR, papA and papM genes—which code for proteins participating in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I, 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:AMP ligase (SnbA), the protein SnbR probably responsible for the transport of pristinamycins I, the protein Papa involved in the biosynthesis of p-aminophenylalanine from chorisimic acid, and p-aminophenylalanine (phenyl-N)-methyltransferase (PapM)—are grouped together on a large DNA fragment cloned into cosmid pIBV2. Similarly, the snaA and snaD genes on the one hand—which code for proteins participating in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins II, the protein SnaD probably being a peptide synthase—and the snbC, snbD and snbE genes on the other hand—which code for the 3 peptide synthases SnbC, SnbD and SnbE involved in the formation of the peptide chain of pristinamycin I from its 6 separate amino acids—are grouped together on a large DNA fragment cloned into cosmid pIVB3. These results confirm the hypothesis of the grouping together of the genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins II, and also of the genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I, and afford the possibility of cloning the other genes involved in these biosyntheses, by chromosome walking, upstream and downstream of the regions studied.

[0430] Furthermore, it is possible by hybridization of the total DNA of the different strains producing streptogramins (see Table 1) with the snaA, snaB, snaC, snaD, samS, snbA, snbR, snbC, snbD, snbE, papA and papM genes, or with the genes identified by chromosome walking, or with fragments of these genes, to isolate the genes corresponding to the same functions in the other microorganisms producing streptogramins. This makes it possible, by the same approach as that envisaged for the pristinamycins, to isolate all the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the different streptogramins.

EXAMPLE 9 Genetic Study of DNA Fragments by Gene Disruption

[0431] This example illustrates how it is possible to demonstrate the involvement of genes in the biosynthesis of streptogramins by constructing strains derived from a producing strain and mutated in these genes by disruption, and by analysing the phenotype of such mutants. This example shows, furthermore, how to obtain strains that are left producing only one or other of the A and B components of streptogramins, or producing A and B components with ratios different from those observed with the strain SP92.

9.1. Construction of a Mutant of S. pritinaespiralis SP92 Disrupted in the snaA Gene

[0432] This example illustrates how it is possible, by disruption of the snaA gene, to construct a strain of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 which no longer produces pristinamycin IIA and which produces, in contrast, pristinamycin IIB.

[0433] This mutant was constructed for the purpose of confirming the functionality of the protein SnaA and of providing an intermediate of pristinamycin II production capable of being modified subsequently.

[0434] Its construction was carried out using a suicide vector capable of replicating in E. coli only but carrying a resistance marker which is expressed in Streptomyces. This vector, pDH5, was developed by Hillemann et al. (1991).

9.1.1. Construction of Plasmid pVRC505

[0435] This example illustrates how it is possible to construct a plasmid which does not replicate in S. pristinaespiralis SP92 and which may be used to disrupt the snaA gene by single homologous recombination.

[0436] Plasmid pVRC505 was constructed to produce the SP92 chromosomal mutant disrupted in the snaA gene from plasmid pXL2045 described in Example 6.3.

[0437] The 6-kb BamHI fragment, cloned into pXL2045 (FIG. 16), was cut with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and PstI. After separation of the fragments thereby generated by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel, a 0.7-kb fragment containing the 5′ end of the snaA gene was isolated and purified by Geneclean (Bio101, La Jolla, Calif.).

[0438] 100 ng of vector pDH5 linearized by an EcoRI/PstI double digestion were ligated with 100 ng of the 0.7-kb fragment, as described in Example 3.3. A clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated after transformation of the strain TG1. The recombinant plasmid was designated pVRC505. Plasmid pVRC505 was prepared as described in Example 2.1. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 25.

9.1.2. Isolation of the SP92 Mutant Disrupted in the snaA Gene by Homologous Recombination

[0439] This example illustrates how the mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 disrupted in the snaA gene was constructed.

[0440] This mutant was isolated by transformation of the strain SP92 with the suicide plasmid pVRC505.

[0441] The preparation of the protoplasts and their transformation were carried out as described in D. Hopwood et al. (1985).

[0442] The strain SP92 was cultured in YEME medium, 34% sucrose, 5 mM MgCl₂, 0.25% glycine for 40 hours at 30° C. The mycelium was converted to protoplasts in the presence of lysozyme, and 5×1 μg of pVRC505 were used for the transformation (by the method employing PEG) of the protoplasts. After overnight regeneration of the protoplasts on R2YE medium (D. Hopwood et al. 1985), the recombinants were selected by overlaying 3 ml of SNA medium (D. Hopwood et al. 1985) containing 2.6 μg/ml of thiostrepton.

[0443] Of the 5 transformations carried out, 3 thiostrepton-resistant clones were isolated. This gives a recombinant efficiency of less than 1 per μg of DNA. These recombinants result from integration by single homologous recombination between the snaA gene carried by the chromosome of the strain SP92 and the 0.7-kb fragment of the suicide plasmid pVRC505. The small size of the fragment inserted into pVRC505, 0.7-kb, explains the low recombination efficiency.

[0444] The spores of the recombinants were isolated by plating out and growth on R2YE medium supplemented with 400 μg/ml of thiostrepton, and plated out again on the same medium to obtain isolated colonies.

[0445] In order to verify the position of integration of plasmid pVRC505, various Southern blots of the total DNA of several recombinant clones, which was digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes, were produced and hybridized with the vector pDH5 and the 0.7-kb fragment, used successively as probes after labelling by random priming (Random Primed DNA labeling kit, Boehringer Mannheim, France) with [α-³²P]-dCTP, as described in Maniatis et al. (1989). The hybridization results show the appearance in the genome of the recombinant clones of an additional EcoRI-PstI band, of the size of the vector pDH5 and which hybridizes with the latter, as well as of an additional EcoRI-EcoRI band which hybridizes with both the 2 probes. One of these mutants was designated SP92::pVRC505. This mutant corresponds well to the integration of plasmid pVRC505 in the snaA gene by single homologous recombination.

9.1.3. Production of Pristinamycins by the Mutant SP92::pVRC505

[0446] This example illustrates how it is determined that the mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 disrupted in the snaA gene by integration of plasmid pVRC505 no longer produces pristinamycin IIA while continuing to produce pristinamycin IIB.

[0447] The mutant SP92::pVRC505, as well as the strain SP92 as control strain, were culture in liquid production medium. Fermentation was carried out as follows: 0.5 ml of a suspension of spores of the strains mentioned are added under sterile conditions to 40 ml of inoculum medium in a 300-ml Erlenmeyer. The inoculum medium consists of 10 g/l of corn steep, 15 g/l of sucrose, 10 g/l of (NH₄)₂SO₄, 1 g/l of K₂HPO₄, 3 g/l of NaCl, 0.2 g/l of MgSO₄.7H₂O and 1.25 g/l of CaCO₃. The pH is adjusted to 6.9 with sodium hydroxide before the introduction of calcium carbonate. The Erlenmeyers are stirred for 44 hours at 27° C. on a rotary stirrer at a speed of 325 rpm. 2.5 ml of the above culture when 44 hours old are added under sterile conditions to 30 ml of production medium in a 300-ml Erlenmeyer. The production medium consists of 25 g/l of soya flour, 7.5 g/l of starch, 22.5 g/l of glucose, 3.5 g/l of feeding yeast, 0.5 g/l of zinc sulphate and 6 g/l of calcium carbonate. The pH is adjusted to 6.0 with hydrochloric acid before the introduction of calcium carbonate. The Erlenmeyers are stirred for 24, 28 and 32 hours at 27° C. At each time, 10 g of must are weighed-into a smooth Erlenmeyer, and 20 ml of mobile phase composed of 62.5% of acetonitrile and 37.5% of 0.1 M KE₂PO₄ solution (adjusted to pH 3.0 with H₃PO₄), and which enables the pristinamycins to be extracted, are added to this. After stirring on a stirrer (325 rpm) for 20 min at room temperature, the whole is filtered through filter paper and the pristinamycins are assayed by HPLC as described in Example 5.1.1.A.

[0448] The results showed that, under the fermentation conditions implemented, the mutant SP92::pVRC505 produced an amount of pristinamycin I equivalent to that of the SP92 control, this being the case for all 3 times tested. In contrast, whereas the control produced approximately 70% of pristinamycin IIA and 30% of pristinamycin IIB at 24, 28 and 32 hours of fermentation, the mutant SP92::pVRC505 produced 100% of pristinamycin IIB for these same times, in amounts equivalent to the sum of pristinamycin IIA+pristinamycin IIB produced by the strain SP92. Hence the mutant is indeed blocked in a step of biosynthesis of pristinamycin II which corresponds to the oxidation of the 2,3 bond of the D-proline of the intermediate pristinamycin IIB. This mutant hence accumulates pristinamycin IIB. This shows well the functional involvement of SnaA in the conversion of pristinamycin IIB to pristinamycin IIA.

[0449] This example shows that is is possible, starting from cloned genes for biosynthesis, to construct strains that are mutated in the steps of biosynthesis of pristinamycin. This was shown for pristinamycin II, but the same results may be obtained for pristinamycins I and, by extension, for the different components of streptogramins. Strains producing different intermediates may thus be obtained. These strains may be used to produce novel molecules by chemical, biochemical, enzymatic, and the like, modification(s) of the said intermediates. A block in an early step of the biosynthesis pathway of one or other of the components of streptogramins may also lead to mutated strains that are left producing only one or other of the coponents.

9.2. Construction of a Mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 Disrupted in the samS Gene

[0450] This example illustrates how it is possible, by disruption of the samS gene, to construct a strain of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 which produces 35% less PIA and 10 times as much PIB (the chemical structures are shown in FIG. 2) relative to the wild-type SP92 strain. This mutant was constructed for the purpose of confirming the presumed SAM synthase function for the protein encoded by the samS gene, and for obtaining a strain that synthesizes more PIB than the wild-type SP92 strain.

9.2.1. Construction of Plasmid pVRC702

[0451] From plasmid pXL2045 (described in Example 6.3), the 3.2-kb BamH1-EcoR1 fragment was isolated by enzymatic cleavage and purified after electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel by the Geneclean kit method (see Example 6.8). This fragment carries snaB gene as well as the samS gene (FIG. 16). This fragment is then cloned into a plasmid pUC18 in the following manner: 50 ng of pUC18 were linearized by double digestion using the enzymes EcoR1 and BamH1, and then ligated in the presence of T$ DNA ligase (Biolabs) with 300 ng of the 3.2-kb BamH1-EcoR1 fragment. After transformation of competent cells of E. coli strain TG1 with this ligation mixture, a recombinant clone possessing plasmid pUC18 with the 3.2-kb insert could be isolated, and this was designated pVRC701 (FIG. 26).

[0452] Plasmid pVRC702 is derived from plasmid pVRC701 by the introduction between the two Sst1 sites located in the middle of the samS gene (FIG. 27) of a cassette carrying the amR gene coding for resistance to amramycin and geniticin. To this end, a 2.2-kb BamH1-BamH1 fragment carrying the ΩamR cassette was first isolated by BamH1 digestion of plasmid pHP45ΩamR (given by J. L. Pernodet, Laboratoire de Génétique d'Orsay) using the same technique as above. 200 ng of this fragment were then ligated with 50 ng of plasmid pUC1318 (Kay and McPherson, 1987) linearized with the enzyme BamH1, and this ligation mixture was introduced into competent E. coli TG1 cells. From the recombinant zone processing plasmid pUC1318 containing the ΩamR cassette, 50 ng of a 2.2-kb Sst1-Sst1 fragment containing the ΩamR cassette could be reisolated by partial cleavage using the enzyme Sst1, and this fragment was ligated with 30 ng of plasmid pVRC701 cut with Sst1 (FIG. 26) to give, after transformation of competent E. coli TG1 cells, plasmid pVRC702, the structure odf which is detailed in FIG. 27.

[0453] Plasmid pVRC702 thereby obtained was prepared in large amounts according to the method described above in Example 2.1.

9.2.2. Construction of the Strain having the samS::ΩamR Chromosomal Gene

[0454] This strain was obtained by transformation of S. pristinaespiralis protoplasts with 1 μg of the suicide plasmid pVRC702 which is incapable of replicating in a Streptomyces cell. The protocols for preparation of the protoplasts and for transformation are the same as above (Example 9.1). The only modifications made with respect to Example 10.1 relate to the selection antibiotic. In the present case, the recombinant protoplasts after regeneration for 18 hours at 30° C. on R2YE medium are selected-in-the presence of 50 μg/ml final of geniticin (Sigma Chemical Co.). Thus, an overlayer composed of 3 ml of SNA containing 383 μg/ml of geniticin is added to each dish of R2YE.

[0455] In this way, it was possible to isolate 500 geniticin-resistant recombinant clones, which may result either from an integration of plasmid pVRC702 into the chromosome following a single homologous recombination between chromosomal and plasmid samS genes (in the case of single crossing-over), or from an exchange between the chromosomal samS gene and the plasmid samS::ΩamR plasmid gene following a double homologous recombination event (in the case of double crossing-over). In these two cases in point, the ΩamR cassette becomes transferred onto the chromosome of the strain, and endows it with an amR resistance which is stable over generations.

[0456] The recombinant clones were isolated by plating out and growth on ET7 medium containing 50 μg/ml final of geneticin, and then analyzed by the colony hybridization technique. Hybridization of the clones with a first probe obtained as described in Example 9.1 from the 2.7-kb BamH1-EcoRI fragment originating from pVRC702 and corresponding to pUC18, as well as with a second probe corresponding to the 2.2-kb BamH1 fragment carrying the ΩamR cassette, enable the cases of single crossing-over (hybridizing with both probes) to be distinguished from the cases of double crossing-over (hybridizing only with the second probe). The 3 clones resulting from a double crossing-over thereby selected were purified by plating out and growth on YVD medium containing 50 mg/ml final of geneticin, and stocks of spores were obtained.

[0457] In order to verify the genomic structure of the 3 double recombinants, various Southern blots of the chromosomal DNA of these clones digested with the enzymes EcoRI and BamHI were produced and hybridized with the following three probes: the probe corresponding to the ΩamR cassette obtained from the 2.2-kb BamHI fragment of pVRC702, the probe corresponding to pUC18 obtained from the 2.7-kb BamHI-EcoRI fragment of pVRC701, and lastly a probe obtained from the 1.3-kb EcoRI-SstI fragment of pVRC701 carrying the snaB gene and the beginning of samS. These hybridizations enabled it to be verified that the three clones tested did indeed result from a double homologous recombination event permitting replacement of the intact chromosomal samS gene by the mutated samS gene interrupted by the ΩamR cassette.

[0458] One of these three mutant clones was designated SP92 samS::ΩamR.

9.2.3. Production of Pristinamycins by the Mutant Strain samS::ΩamR

[0459] This example illustrates how it is determined that the mutant SP92 samS::ΩamR having the disrupted samS gene produces 35% less pristinamycin IA and 10-fold more pristinamycin IB than the wild-type SP92 strain.

[0460] The mutant SP92 samS::ΩamR as well as the control SP92 strain were cultured in liquid production medium, and their productions of pristinamycin II and pristinamycin I were assayed as described in Example 9.1.

[0461] The results showed that, under the fermentation conditions implemented, the mutant SP92 samS::ΩamR produces an amount of pristinamycins II equivalent to that of the SP92 control for all three times tested. In contrast, the mutant SP92 samS::ΩamR produces approximately 35% less pristinamycin IA and 10-fold more pristinamycin IB than the control strain at all three times tested. The IB form of pristinamycins thus represents 20% of the collective total type I pristinamycins produced by the mutant SP92 samS::ΩamR, whereas the control strain synthesizes only of the order of 1% of PIB. The IB form of pristinamycins differs from the IA form in that the fifth residue is p-methylaminophenylalanine, instead of p-dimethylaminophenylalanine for pristinamycin IA. The fact that the mutant SP92 samS::ΩamR produces more pristinamycin IB and less pristinamycin IA shows that disruption of the samS gene causes a decrease in the degree of methylation of the fifth residue of pristinamycins I, and hence that the samS gene is probably involved in the biosynthesis of the methyl donor, SAM, that is to say that it codes for a SAM synthase.

9.3 Construction of a Mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 Disrupted in the papA Gene

[0462] This example illustrates how it is possible, by disruption of the papA gene, to construct a strain of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 which no longer produces PI. This mutant is constructed for the purpose of confirming the functionality of the PapA protein. Its construction was carried out using the suicide vector pDH5 described in Example 9.1.

9.3.1. Construction of Plasmid pVRC508

[0463] This example illustrates how it is possible to construct a plasmid which does not replicate in S. pristinaespiralis SP92 and which may be used to disrupt the PapA gene by single homologous recombination.

[0464] Plasmid pVRC508 was constructed to produce the SP92 chromosomal mutant disrupted in the papA gene from plasmid pVRC903 described in Example 7.7.

[0465] In Example 7.7, the cloning of the 1.4-kb PvuII-EcoRI fragment into M13mp18 from plasmid pVRC903 for the purpose of sequencing the papA gene was described (this fragment corresponds to the 1.4-kb PvuII-XhoI fragment present in the vector pVRC900, FIG. 23).

[0466] This construction in M13mp18 was digested with the restriction enzyme HindIII and EcoRI. After separation of the vector M13mp18 and the 1.4-kb fragment containing a portion of the papA gene on 0.8% agarose gel, the latter fragment was isolated and purified by Geneclean (Bio101, La Jolla, Calif.). The localization of the fragment in the papA gene is presented in FIG. 23.

[0467] 100 ng of vector pDH5 linearized by a double digestion with the restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI were ligated with 200 ng of the 1.4-kb fragment as described in Example 3.3. A clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated after transformation of the strain TG1. The recombinant plasmid was designated pVRC508. Plasmid pVRC508 was prepared as described in Example 2.1. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 28.

9.3.2. Isolation of the SP92 Mutant Disrupted in the papA Gene by Homologous Recombination

[0468] This example illustrates how the mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 disrupted in the papA gene was constructed. This mutant was isolated by transformation of the strain SP92 with the suicide plasmid pVRC508. The preparation of the protoplasts and their transformation were carried out as described in Example 9.1. After transformation of protoplasts of the strain SP92, the recombinants were selected by overlaying 3 ml of SNA medium containing 2.6 mg/ml of thiostrepton. Of the 5 transformations carried out with 5 times 1 μg of plasmid pVRC508, ten thiostrepton-resistant clones were isolated. This gives a recombinant efficiency of approximately 2 per μg of DNA. These recombinants result from integration by single homologous recombination between the papA gene carried by the chromosome of the strain SP92 and the 1.4-kb fragment of the suicide plasmid pVRC508.

[0469] The spores of the recombinants were isolated by plating out and growth on R2YE medium containing 400 μg/ml of thiostrepton, and plated out again on the same medium to obtain isolated colonies.

[0470] In order to verify the position of integration of plasmid pVRC508, various Southern blots of the total DNA of several recombinant clones, purified as described above, were produced and hybridized with the vector pDH5 and the 1.4-kb fragment, used successively as probes after labelling by random priming with [α-³²P]dCTP as described in Maniatis et al. (1989). The hybridization results show the disappearance from the genome of the recombinant clones digested with the restriction enzyme EcoRI (site flanking the 1.4-kb fragment) of the 6.8-kb EcoRI band, and the appearance of two additional bands relative to the control SP92 strain, one of 2.4 kb hybridizing with the 1.4-kb fragment, and the other of 10.5 kb hybridizing both with pDH5 and with the 1.4-kb fragment. Digestion of the recombinant clones with the restriction enzyme PstI shows the appearance of two additional bands relative to the control SP92 strain, one of 1.0 kb hybridizing with the 1.4-kb fragment, and the other of 5.1 kb hybridizing both with pDH5 and with the 1.4-kb fragment. One of these mutants was designated SP92::pVRC508.

9.3.3. Production of Pristinamycins by the Mutant SP92::pVRC508

[0471] This example illustrates how it is determined that the mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 disrupted in the papA gene by integration of plasmid pVRC508 no longer produces PI.

[0472] The mutant SP92::pVRC508, as well as the strain SP92 as control strain, were cultured in liquid production medium. The fermentation and also the assay of pristinamycins I and II were carried out as described in Example 9.1.

[0473] The results showed that, under the fermentation conditions implemented, whereas the control SP92 strain produced a standard amount of pristinamycins I, no trace of type I pristinamycins was detected in the fermentation must of the mutant SP92::pVRC508. Moreover, the production of pristinamycins II by the mutant SP92::pVRC508 is equivalent to that of the SP92 control. The mutant SP92::pVRC508 is left producing only pristinamycins II. These results show clearly that the papA gene codes for a protein involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I.

[0474] To check the absence of polarity of the disruption carried out in the mutant SP92::pVRC508, the latter was fermented in the presence p-dimethylamino-phenylalanine. The mutant SP92::pVRC508 was fermented as described above, with the addition, at 17 hours of fermentation, of 100 mg/l of p-dimethylaminophenyl-alanine. Under these conditions of complementation, the mutant SP92::pVRC508 produces an amount of pristinamycins I equivalent to that produced by the strain SP92. The production of pristinamycins II is equivalent in both strains. This enables us to conclude that the mutant SP92::pVRC508 does not produce pristinamycins I because it is indeed disrupted in a gene that participates in the biosynthesis of p-dimethylaminophenylalanine (the papA gene). Complementation of this mutant with p-dimethylamino-phenylalanine restores its capacity to produce pristinamycins I, proving that the mutation has no polar effect on the synthesis of other pristinamycin I precursors or on the condensation of these precursors.

[0475] This example shows that it is possible, starting from cloned genes for biosynthesis, to construct strains that are mutated in the steps of biosynthesis of pristinamycins, and especially pristinamycins I. This example also shows that it is possible, by this approach, to construct strains of S. pristinaespiralis specifically producing pristinamycins II and, by extension, strains specifically producing pristinamycins I. This same approach could also be used for other strains of actinomycetes producing streptogramins.

9.4. Construction of Mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 Distrusted in the snbA Gene

[0476] This example illustrates how it is possible, by disruption of the snbA gene, to construct a strain of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 which no longer produces pristinamycins I. This mutant was constructed for the purpose of confirming the functionality of the SnbA protein. Its construction was carried out using the suicide vector pDH5 described in Example 9.1.

9.4.1. Construction of Plasmid pVRC404

[0477] This example illustrates how it is possible to construct a plasmid which no longer replicates in S. pristinaespiralis SP92 and which may be used to disrupt the snbA gene by single homologous recombination.

[0478] Plasmid pVRC404 was constructed from plasmid pVRC402 described in Example 6.2, to produce the SP92 chromosomal mutant disrupted in the snbA gene. Plasmid pVRC402 was digested with the restriction enzyme XhoI and HindIII. After separation of the fragments thereby generated by electrophroesis on 0.8% agarose gel, a 1170-bp fragment containing an internal portion of the snbA gene was isolated and purified by Geneclean (Bio101, La Jolla, Calif.). The localization of the fragment in the snbA gene is presented in FIG. 15A.

[0479] 100 ng of vector pDH5 linearized by an SmaI digestion were ligated with 200 ng of the 1173-bp fragment as described in Example 3.3. A clone carrying the desired fragment was isolated after transformation of the strain TG1. The recombinant plasmid was designated pVRC404. Plasmid pVRC404 was prepared as described in Example 2.1. Its restriction map is presented in FIG. 29.

9.4.2. Isolation of the SP92 Mutant Disrupted in the snbA Gene by Homologous Recombination

[0480] This example illustrates how the mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 disrupted in the snbA gene was constructed.

[0481] This mutant was isolated by transformation of the strain SP92 with the suicide plasmid pVRC404. The preparation of the protoplasts and their transformation were carried out as described in Example 9.1. After transformation of protoplasts of the strain SP92, the recombinants were selected by overlaying 3 ml of SNA medium containing 2.6 mg/ml of thiostrepton. Of the 5 transformations carried out with 5 times 1 μg of plasmid pVRC404, about thirty thiostrepton-resistant clones were isolated. This gives a recombinant efficiency of approximately 5 per μg DNA. These recombinants result from integration by single homologous recombination between the snbA gene carried by the chromosome of strain SP92 and the 1170-bp fragment of the suicide plasmid pVRC404. The spores of the recombinants were isolated by plating out and growth on R2YE medium+400 mg/ml of thiostrepton, and plated out again on the same medium to obtain isolated colonies. In order to verify the position of integration of plasmid pVRC404, various Southern blots of the total DNA of several recombinant clones, purified as described above, were produced and hybridized with the vector pDH5 and the 1170-kb fragment, used successively as probes after labelling by random priming with [α-³²P dCTP as described in Maniatis et al. (1989). The hybridization results show the appearance in the genome of the recombinant clones digested with the restriction enzymes XhoI and HindIII of an additional 4.7-kb XhoI-HindIII band relative to the control SP92 strain (vector pDH5+1.17 kb), hybridizing both with pDH5 and with the 1170-bp fragment. Digestion of the recombinant clones with the restriction enzyme Pf1MI (sites flanking tbhe 1170-bp XhoI-HindIII fragment) shows the disappearance of the 3.1-Pf1MI-Pf1MI band and the appearance of a band at 8.8 kb hybridizing with both probes. These results indicate that the genomic structure of the clones analysed is indeed that expected after a homologous recombination event between pVRC404 and the chromosomal snbA gene. One of these mutants was designated SP92::pVRC404.

9.4.3. Production of Pristinamycins by the Mutant SP92::VRC404

[0482] This example illustrates how it is determined that the mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 disrupted in the snbA gene by integration of plasmid pVRC404 no longer produces PI.

[0483] The mutant SP92::pVRC404, as well as the strains SP92 as control strain, were cultured in liquid production medium. The fermentation and also the assay of pristinamycins I and II were carried out as described in Example 9.1. The results showed that, under the fermentation conditions implemented, whereas the control SP92 strain produces a standard amount of pristinamycins I, no trace of pristinamycins I was detected in the fermentation must of the mutant SP92::pVRC404. Moreover, the production of pristinamycins II by the mutant SP92::pVRC404 is equivalent to that of the SP92 control. The mutant SP92::pVRC404 is left producing only pristinamycins II. This shows clearly that the snbA gene codes for a protein SnbA involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I, as had been shown during the purification in Example 5.2.

[0484] This example shows, as in the preceding example, that it is possible, starting from cloned genes for biosynthesis, to construct strains that are mutated in the steps of biosynthesis of pristinamycins, and especially pristinamycins I. This example also shows that is possible, by this approach, to produce strains of S. pristinaespiralis specifically producing pristinamycins II and, by extension, strains specifically producing pristinamycins I, as described in the following example: 9.5. This same approach could also be used for other strains of actinomycetes producing streptogramins.

9.5. Construction of a Mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 Disrupted in the snaD Gene Probably Coding for a Peptide Synthase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Pristinamycins II

[0485] This example illustrates how it is possible, by disruption of the snaD gene probably coding for a peptide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins II, to construct a strain of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 which no longer produces pristinamycins II.

[0486] This mutant was constructed for the purpose of confirming the functionality of the snaD gene, and of obtaining a strain derived from SP92 left synthesizing only pristinamycins I.

[0487] Its construction was carried out using plasmid pVRC1000 described in Example 6.8, derived from the suicide vector pDH5, capable of replicating in E. coli only and carrying a resistance marker which is expressed in Streptomyces (see Example 9.1).

9.5.1 Construction of Plasmid pVRC1000

[0488] This example illustrates how it is possible to construct a plasmid which does not replicate in S. pristinaespiralis SP92 and which may be used to disrupt the snaD gene by single homologous recombination. The construction of plasmid pVRC1000 carrying a portion of the snaD gene is described in Example 6.8.

9.5.2. Isolation of the SP92 Mutant Disrupted in the snaD Gene by Homologous Recombination

[0489] This example illustrates how the mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP92 disrupted in the snaD gene was constructed. This mutant was isolated by transformation of the strain SP92 with the suicide plasmid pVRC1000. The preparation of the protoplasts and their transformation were carried out as described in Example 9.1. Of the 5 transformations carried out with 1 mg of pVRC1000, approximately 1500 thiostrepton-resistant clones were isolated. This gives a recombinant efficiency of approximately 375 per μg of DNA. These recombinants result from integration by single homologous recombination between then snaD gene carried by the chromosome of the strain SP92 and the 1.5-kb BamHI-SstI fragment of the suicide plasmid pVRC1000. About twenty recombinants were subcultured on R2YE medium containing 400 μg/ml of thiostrepton, and the spores of these recombinants were isolated by plating out again and growth on R2YE medium containing 400 μg/ml of thiostrepton.

[0490] In order to verify the position of integration of plasmid pVRC1000, various Southern blots of the total DNA of 7 recombinant clones, purified as described above, were produced and hybridized with the vector pDH5 and the 1.5-kb BamHI-SstI fragment contained in pVRC1000, used successively as probes after labelling with [α-³²P]dCTP as described in Example 9.1. The hybridization results show the appearance in the genome of the 7 recombinant clones of a 13.8-kb EcoRI band and an approximately 17-kb BglII band hybridizing with both probes, as well as a 3.7-kb EcoRI band hybridizing with the 1.2-kb BamHI-StsI probe. One of these mutants was designated SP92::pVRC1000 and corresponds well to the integration of plasmid pVRC1000 in the snaD gene by single homologous recombination.

9.5.3. Production of Pristinamycins by the Mutant SP92::pVRC1000

[0491] This example illustrates how it is determined that the mutant of S. pristinaespiralis SP922 disrupted in the snaD gene by integration of plasmid pVRC1000 no longer produces pristinamycins II, but only pristinamycins I. The mutant SP92::pVRC1000, as well as the control SP92 strain, were cultured in liquid production medium, and their productions of pristinamycins II and I were assayed as described in Example 9.1.

[0492] The results showed that, under the fermentation conditions implemented and for all three times tested, the mutant SP92::pVRC1000 produces 0 mg/l of pristinamycins II and an amount of pristinamycins I equivalent to that of the SP92 control. Hence this mutant is indeed blocked in a step of biosynthesis of pristinamycins II, which shows that the snaD gene codes for an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins II, and very probably for a peptide synthase.

[0493] This example shows, as in the preceding example, that it is possible, starting from cloned genes for biosynthesis, to construct strains that are mutated in the steps of biosynthesis of pristinamycins, and especially pristinamycins II. This example also shows that it is possible, by this approach, to produce strains of S. pristinaespiralis specifically producing pristinamycins I and, by extension, strains specifically producing pristinamycins II. This same approach could also be used for other strains of actinomycetes producing streptogramins.

EXAMPLE 10 Complementation of a Non-Producing Mutant of the Strain SP92

[0494] This example shows how it is possible to express genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins. This expression was implemented more especially for the snaA and snaB genes carried by cosmid pIBV1 in a mutant strain derived from SP92: SP120. This mutant does not produce pristinamycin IIA. It accumulates the last intermediate of the biosynthesis pathway of pristinamycin II: pristinamycin IIB.

10.1 Cloning of the snaA and snaB Genes into the Shuttle Vector pIJ903

[0495] This example illustrates how a subfragment of cosmid pIVB1 containing the snaA and snaB genes was cloned into a vector capable of replicating both in E. coli and in Streptomyces.

[0496] The vector pIJ903 (Lydiate D. J. et al., 1985) is a low copy number (1 to 3 per cell) shuttle vector capable of replicating both in E. coli as a result of its origin of replication of pBR322, and in Streptomyces as a result of its origin of replication of SCP2′. The ampicillin resistance gene permits selection in E. coli, and the thiostrepton resistance gene permits selection in Streptomyces.

[0497] Cosmid pIBV1 was digested with the restriction enzyme SstI. A large 7.6-kb DNA fragment carrying the snaA and snaB genes was isolated by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel and electroeluted. 500 ng of this fragment were ligated with 100 ng of the vector pUC1813 (Kay and McPherson, 1987) linearized with SstI. After transformation of E. coli strain DH5α (supE44 ΔlacU169 (f80lacZΔM15) hsdR17 recA1 endA1 gyrA96 thi-1 relA1), and selection of the transformants on solid LB containing 150 μg/ml of ampicillin and 20 μg/ml of X-gal, a clone carrying the 7.6-kb fragment was isolated. The plasmid was designated pVRC506. A preparation of this recombinant plasmid was carried out as described in Example 2.1.

[0498] Cloning into the vector pIJ903 was carried out at the HindIII site. Plasmid pVRC506 was cut with HindIII, and 7.6-kb fragment carrying the snaA and snaB genes was isolated by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel and electroeluted. 500 ng of this fragment were ligated with 500 ng of the vector pIJ903 linearized with HindIII. After transformation of E. coli strain DH5α and selection of the transformants on solid LB containing 150 μg/ml of ampicillin, a clone carrying the 7.6-kb fragment was isolated. The plasmid was designated pVRC507. A preparation of this recombinant plasmid was carried out as described in Example 2.1. Its map is presented in FIG. 30.

10.2. Expression of the snaA and snaB Genes in the mutant SP120

[0499] This example illustrates how it is possible to produce the proteins SnaA and SnaB in S. Pristinaespiralis SP92 by introducing a plasmid carrying the corresponding structural genes into this strain. Expression of the snaA and snaB genes was carried out after transformation of the mutant strain SP120 with 500 ng of plasmid pVRC507. Transformation of the protoplasts of SP120 and selection of the transformants with thiostrepton were carried out as described in Example 9.1.2.

[0500] Many transformants were obtained in this way, and 3 of them were chosen for the tests of production in a liquid medium. The strain SP120 carrying plasmid pIJ903 was chosen as control. The fermentations and also the extraction of the biosynthesis products were carried out as described in Example 9.1.3.

[0501] The results showed that, under the fermentation conditions implemented, whereas the control (SP120 carrying plasmid pIJ903) produced 100% of P IIB and 0% of P IIA at 24, 28 and 32 hours of fermentation, the 3 clones of the strain SP120 transformed with plasmid pVRC507 produced, for these same times, approximately 85 to 80% of pristinamycin IIB and 15 to 20% of pristinamycin IIA, the sum of which is equivalent in amount to the pristinamycin IIB production of the control strain (SP120 carrying plasmid-pIJ903). The clones carrying pVRC507 were indeed partially complemented for the step of biosynthesis of pristinamycins II corresponding to the oxidation of the 2,3 bond of the D-proline of the intermediate pristinamycin IIB. This was confirmed by enzymatic assay of pristinamycin IIA synthase activity, as described in Example 5.1.1.A, for the strains SP120 carrying pVRC507 and SP120 carrying pIJ903. Whereas the control strain SP120 carrying pIJ903 displays no pristinamycin IIA synthase activity, the strain SP120 carrying pVRC507 displays PIIA synthase activity.

[0502] This example shows that it is possible to express genes for the biosynthesis of streptogramins. This expression was studied more especially for the genes coding for pristinamycin IIA synthase, but the other genes for the biosynthesis of pristinamycins II and pristinamycins I, as well as those involved in the biosynthesis of the components of the different streptogramins, may be expressed in this way. This expression may be carried out in mutant strains as is the case in Example 10, but also in producing strains in order to increase the levels of streptogramin production. The expression may be modified by cloning the genes into a vector having a different copy number (low or high) or into an integrative vector, by deregulation of these genes, by cloning these genes under a homologous or heterologous promoter (strong or specifically regulated promoter). Expression of the different genes for the biosynthesis of streptogramins may also be carried out in heterologous strains using appropriate expression vectors in order to produce hybrid antibiotics.

EXAMPLE 11 Expression of the papM Gene of S. pristinaespiralis in E. coli

[0503] This example illustrates how it is possible to express an S. pristinaesniralis gene in E. coli so as to be able to identify, purify and study the protein encoded by this gene.

11.1. Construction of Plasmid pVRC706

[0504] Expression of the papM gene in E. coli is obtained by placing this gene downstream of the promoter and ribosomes binding site of the lacZ gene of E. coli. The 1.7-kb MluI-StuI fragment was isolated from plasmid pVRC409 described in Example 7.8, and then cloned into plasmid pMT123 (Chambers et al. 1988) cut at the BamHI site subsequently filled in using the Klenow enzyme (Maniatis et al. 1989) and at the MluI site, to give plasmid pVRC706 shown in FIG. 31. Cloning at the MluI site enables an in-frame fusion to be obtained between the first 32 amino acids of β-galactosidase encoded by the lacZ gene of plasmid pMTL23 and the last eleven amino acids of the gene located immediately upstream of papM, thereby making it possible to preserve the translational coupling which appears to exist between the papM gene and this upstream gene in the light of the nucleotide sequence given in Example 7.8. Thus, the expression of the hybrid gene between lacZ and the gene upstream of papM and that of the papM gene is under the control of the expression signals of the lacZ gene.

11.2 Expression in E. coli Strain DH5α of the Product of the papM Gene

[0505] Plasmids pVRC706 and pMTL23 were introduced by transformation into E. coli strain DH5α, and the expression of their genes was studied under conditions where the promoter of lacZ gene is induced as already described (Maniatis et al. 1989). The E. coli strains carrying plasmid pVRC706 or the control plasmid pMTL23 were cultured in 500 ml of LB rich medium containing 100 mg/ml of ampicillin and 1 mM IPTG, permitting induction of the promoter of the lacZ gene. These cultures are sampled when they have reached an optical density at 600 nm in the region of 1, and the protein extracts are prepared as described below.

11.3. Assay of the Activity of the Product of the pamM Gene Expressed in E. coli

[0506] The activity corresponding to the protein encoded by the papM gene is assayed on the two extracts prepared from E. coli cultures carrying plasmid pVRC706 or plasmid pMTL23 Example 5.7). It was shown that the extract prepared from the strain E. coli::pVRC706 catalyses the methylation of p-aminophenylalanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine with an activity of 235 unit/mg, whereas this activity is absent in the extracts of the control strain E. coli::pMTL23 (see Example 5.7.1.C). These results indicate that it is possible to express the papM gene of S. pristinaespiralis in E. coli, and that the corresponding protein is indeed the enzyme catalysing the methylation of p-aminophenylalanine to p-dimethylaminophenylalanine. This example shows that it is possible to express genes for the biosynthesis of streptogramins in heterologous strains (such as E. coli, but also in other microorganisms) using appropriate expression vectors in order to produce precursors of antibiotics or even natural or hybrid antibiotics.

EXAMPLE 12 Demonstration of the Homology of Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Streptogramins in Different Streptomyces

[0507] This example illustrates how it is possible to demonstrate, by hybridization with total DNAs, the homology existing between different genes involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins in different strains of Streptomyces producing streptogramins.

12.1. Extraction of Total DNA of Different Streptomyces Producing Streptogramins

[0508] This example illustrates how the DNA of different strains producing streptogramins was purified. These strains of Streptomyces were chosen from those described in Table 1:

[0509]Streptomyces loidensis

[0510]Streptomyces olivaceus

[0511]Streptomyces ostreogriseus

[0512]Streptomyces virginiae

[0513] A strain not producing streptogramins: Streptomyces hygroscopicus, was chosen as negative control.

[0514] The extractions of the different total DNAs were carried out from cultures in YEME medium, as described in Example 1.

12.2. Hybridization of Total DNAs of Strains Producing Streptogramins with DNA Fragments Containing Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Pristinamycins and Isolated from S. pristinaespiralis strain SP92

[0515] This example illustrates how it is possible, starting from genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins and isolated from the strain SP92 as described in the preceding examples, to demonstrate homologous genes by hybridization of the total DNAs of strains producing streptogramins.

[0516] The DNA fragments used as a probe were:

[0517] The 3.9-kb XhoI-XhoI fragment isolated from pVRC1106 described in Example 6.5, the restriction map of which is presented in FIG. 18. This fragment contains a portion of the gene coding for pristinamycin I synthase II.

[0518] The 6-kb BamHI-BamHI fragment isolated from plasmid pXL2045 described in Example 6.3, the map of which is presented in FIG. 16. This fragment contains the structural genes for the two subunits of PIIA synthase.

[0519] The total DNAs of the four strains producing streptogramins, the strain S. hygroscopicus and also the~strain SP92, were digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and XhoI. The DNA fragments thereby obtained were separated on 0.7% agarose,gel and the DNA was transferred onto a nylon membrane as described by Maniatis et al. (1989). Labelling of the 3.6-kb XhoI-XhoI and 6-kb BamHI-BamHI fragments was carried out by labelling by random priming as described in Example 9.1.2. Hybridization of the membranes was carried out in the presence of formamide at 42° C. as described in Maniatis et al. (1989). Washing of the membranes after hybridization was carried out at 50 and 60° C. in a solution containing SSC (Maniatis et al. (1989) diluted 10-fold and 0.1% SDS.

[0520] The following results are demonstrated by these hybridizations:

[0521] The strain S. hygroscopicus does not display and hybridization with the two probes used.

[0522] The total DNAs (digested with XhoI and BamHI) of the strains S. ostreogirseus, S. olivaceus, S. loidensis and S. virginiae all display hybridization signals of intensity comparable to those observed on the total DNA of the strain SP92 with both probes used.

[0523] The total DNA (digested with XhoI and BamHI) of the strain S. virginiae displays signals with both probes used, but their intensity is weaker than that observed in SP92.

[0524] This example shows that different strains of Streptomyces producing streptogramins contain genes that hybridize with genes isolated in S. pristinaespiralis SP92 and which are involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins, as presented in the preceding examples. These hybridizations thus demonstrate the homology existing between the genes involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins of the strains SP92 and those involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins of other strains producing streptogramins.

[0525] This example hence shows that it is possible, starting from genes isolated from SP92 and involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins, to isolate by hybridization and cloning the homologous genes present in other strains producing streptogramins.

EXAMPLE 13 Study of the Physical Binding of the Different S. pristinaespiralis SP 92 Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Pristinamycins I and Pristinamycins II

[0526] This example illustrates how it is possible to study the physical binding of the S. pristinaespiralis SP 92 genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I and II. This study was carried out for the purpose of showing that all these genes are grouped together on the chromosome in a cluster, and that it is hence possible by chromosome walking from the genes already identified to isolate other genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I and II. Such an approach mahy be envisaged for the genes involved in the biosynthesis of other streptogramins.

13.1 Restriction Enzymes used for Pulsed-Field Electrophoresis

[0527] The S. pristinaespiralis SP92 genome is composed of 70% to 75% of nucleotides containing the basis G and C. To cut its genome into a small number of large fragments, we used enzymes which recognize a sequence rich in AT, such as AseI (AT/TAAT) and SspI (AAT/ATT) but also HindIII (A/AGCTT), EcoRI (G/AATTC), NdeI (CA/TATG) and ClaI (AT/CGAT).

13.2. S. pristinaespiralis strains used for Pulsed-Field Electrophoresis

[0528] We used the chromosomal DNA of several strains to study by pulsed-field electrophrosis the physical binding of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I and pristinamycins II. We prepared inserts as described ibn Example 4.1 of the chromosomal DNA of S. pristinaespiralis strain SP92, and also of the chromosomal DNA of the strains derived from SP92 whose construction is described in Examples 9.1 and 9.4. These are the strain SP92::pVRC505 in which the snaA gene has been disrupted by integration of plasmid pVRC505 (Example 9.1), and the strain SP92::pVRC404 in which the snbA gene has been disrupted by integration of plasmid pVRC404 (Example 9.4). The latter two strains were included in this study since they enabled the snaA and snbB genes to be positioned accurately on the chromosome map by exploiting the presence of sites which rarely cut chromosomal DNA, AseI, SspI, HindIII, EcoRI, NdeI and ClaI, in plasmids pVRC505 and pVRC404.

13.3. DNA Probes used for Hybridization of the Fragments Isolated by Pulsed-Field Electrophoresis

[0529] We used different DNA fragments to obtain radioactively labelled probes as is described in Example 9.1, which we hybridized with the fragments separated by pulsed-field electrophoresis after enzymatic cleavage of the chromosomal DNA inserts of the three strains presented above. The probes are as follows: the 3.2-kb EcoRI-BamHI fragment isolated from plasmid pVRC701 carrying the snaB and samS genes (see Example 9.2), the 1.5-kb BamH1-Sst1 fragment isolated from plasmid pVRC1000 carrying a portion of the snaD gene (see Example 6.8), the 1.1-kb XhoI-HindIII fragment isolated from plasmid pVRC402 carrying the snbA gene (see Example 6.1), the 2.4-kb Pst1-Pst1 fragment isolated from plasmid pVRC900 carrying papA gene (see Example 6.7) and the 1.5-kb XhoI-PstI fragment isolated from plasmid pVRC509 carrying the snaC gene-(see Example 6.9).

13.4. Localization on the Chromosome of the Different Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Pristinamycins I and II and Study of Their Physical Binding

[0530] Hybridization of the chromosomal DNAs of S. pristinaespiralis strains SP92, SP92::pVRC404 and SP92::pVRC505, cut by single digestions and double digestions using the six enzymes mentioned above, with the different probes described above lead to the general map shown in FIG. 32: the position of major sites has been indicated, together with the position and direction of transcription of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins PI and PII. Thus, it is possible to calculate the distance separating the 3 chromosomal regions containing the genes identified, namely that of the snbA, snbR, papA and papM genes (cosmid pIBV2, Example 5.2), that of the snaA, snaB, samS, snaD, snbC, snbD and snbE genes (cosmids pIBV1 and 3, Example 5.1) and lastly that of the snaC gene (cosmid pIBV4, Example 5.6). For example, the distance between the snaA and snbA genes has been evaluated at approximately 160-170 kb. This shows that the genes already identified are all contained in a region covering only 200 kb of the chromosome of the S. pristinaespiralis strain, equivalent to less than 3% of the total length of the genome, which we have been able to estimate at 7500 kb by the pulsed-field electrophoresis technique.

[0531] These results show that the genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I and II are grouped together on the chromosome in a cluster, and that it is hence possible by chromosome walking from the genes already identified to isolate other genes involved in the biosynthesis of pristinamycins I and pristinamycins II. More generally, it is possible, by chromosome walking from any gene involved in the biosynthesis of streptogramins, to identify the other genes involved in this biosynthesis. TABLE 1 MICROORGANISMS ANTIBIOTICS FUNGI Micromonospora sp. Veramycins STREPTOMYCES S. albiorectud Virginiamycins S. conganesis(ATCC13528) F1370 A, B S. diastaticus Plauracins, Streptogramins S. graminofasciens Streptogramins S. griseus (NRRL2426) Viridogrisein (Etamycin) S. griseoviridus Griseoviridin S. griseoviridus (FERMP3562) Neoviridogriseins S. lavendulae Etamycins S. loidensis (ATCC11415) Vernamycins S. mitakaensis (ATCC15297) Mikamycins S. olivaceus (ATCC12019) Synergistins (PA114 A, B) S. osteogriseus (ATCC27455) Ostreogrycins S. pristinawspiralis (ATCC25486) Pristinamycins S. virginiae (ATCC13161) Virginuniamycins (Staphylo- mycins) ANTINOMYCETES A. ayranticolor (ATCC31011) Plauracins A. azureus (ATCC31157) Plauracins A. daghestanicus Etamycin A. philippineses A-2315 A, B, C Actinoplanes sp. (ATCC33002) A15104 Actinoplanes sp. A17002 A, B, C, F Actinomadura flava Madumycins

[0532] Abbreviations Used:

[0533] DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

[0534] AMP: adenosine 5′-monophosphate

[0535] ATP: adenosine 5′-triphosphate

[0536] ETB: ethidium bromide

[0537] bis-tris: (bis[2-hydroxyethyl]iminotris[hydroxymethyl]-methane)

[0538] bis-tris propane: (1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)-methylamino]propane)

[0539] BSA: bovine serum albumin

[0540] HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography

[0541] OD: optical density

[0542] DTE: dithioerythritol

[0543] DTT: dithiothreitol

[0544] E64: trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane

[0545] EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

[0546] EGTA: ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid

[0547] FMN: flavin mononucleotide

[0548] FMNH₂: reduced flavin mononucleotide

[0549] Hepes: (N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N′-[2-ethanesulphonic acid])

[0550] IPTG: isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside

[0551] kDa: kilodalton

[0552] kb: kilobase

[0553] LB: Luria broth (rich growth medium for E. coli)

[0554] NAD: nicotinanmide dinucleotide

[0555] NADH: reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide

[0556] PAGE: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

[0557] bp: base pair

[0558] PMSF: phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride

[0559] PPi: pyrophosphate

[0560] rpm: revolutions per min

[0561] A.S.: ammonium sulphate

[0562] SAM: S-adenosylmethionine

[0563] SDS: sodium dodecyl sulphate

[0564] STI: soybean trypsin inhibitor

[0565] TE: buffer comprising 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5

[0566] Tris: 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol

[0567] UV: ultraviolet rays

[0568] Xgal: 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl b-D-galactoside

[0569] YEME: yeast extract-malt extract medium (rich growth medium for Streptomyces)

[0570] PEG: Polyethylene glycol

[0571] LMP: Low melting point

[0572] MW: Molecular weight

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1 43 5392 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis 1 GGATCCTGGC GTCCGCCGTC AAGAACTGAA CCGAGGAGAC ACCCACCATG ACCGCACCCC 60 GCCGGCGCAT CACCCTCGCC GGCATCATCG ACGGCCCCGG CGGCCATGTG GCCGCCTGGC 120 GCCACCCGGC GACCAAGGCG GACGCCCAGC TCGACTTCGA ATTCCACCGC GACAACGCCC 180 GCACCCTCGA ACGCGGCCTG TTCGACGCCG TGTTCATCGC GGACATCGTC GCCGTGTGGG 240 GCACCCGCCT GGACTCCCTG TGCCGCACCT CGCGCACCGA GCACTTCGAA CCGCTCACCC 300 TGCTCGCCGC CTACGCCGCG GTCACCGAGC ACATCGGCCT GTGCGCCACC GCCACCACCA 360 CGTACAACGA ACCGGCGCAC ATCGCCGCCC GCTTCGCCTC CCTCGACCAC CTCAGCGGCG 420 GCCGGGCCGG CTGGAACGTC GTCACCTCCG CCGCACCGTG GGAGTCCGCC AACTTCGGCT 480 TCCCCGAGCA CCTGGAGCAC GGCAAACGCT ACGAGCGGGC CGAGGAGTTC ATCGACGTCG 540 TCAAAAAACT GTGGGACAGC GACGGCCGCC CCGTCGACCA CCGCGGCACC CACTTCGAGG 600 CCCCCGGCCC GCTCGGGATC GCCCGCCCCC CGCAGGGCCG CCCCGTCATC ATCCAGGCCG 660 GCTCCTCGCC GGTGGGACGC GAGTTCGCCG CCCGGCACGC CGAGGTCATC TTCACCCGGC 720 ACAACCGGCT CTCCGACGCC CAGGACTTCT ACGGCGACCT CAAGGCACGC GTCGCCCGGC 780 ACGGCCGCGA CCCCGAGAAG GTCCTCGTGT GGCCGACCCT CGCGCCGATC GTCGCCGCCA 840 CCGACACCGA GGCGAAGCAG CGCCTGCAGG AACTGCAGGA CCTCACCCAC GACCATGTCG 900 CCCTGCGCAC CCTTCAGGAC CACCTCGGCG ACGTCGACCT GAGCGCGTAC CCGATCGACG 960 GGCCCGTCCC CGACATCCCG TACACCAACC AGTCCCAGTC GACGACCGAG CGGCTGATCG 1020 GCCTGGCCAG GCGCGAGAAC CTCAGCATCC GCGAGCTGGC CCTGCGGCTG ATGGGCGACA 1080 TCGTCGTCGG CACACCGGAG CAGCTCGCCG ACCACATGGA GAGCTGGTTC ACCGGCCGCG 1140 GCGCCGACGG CTTCAACATC GACTTCCCGT ACCTGCCGGG CTCCGCCGAC GACTTCGTCG 1200 ACCACGTGGT GCCCGAACTG CAGCGCCGCG GCCTGTACCG CTCGGGCTAC GAGGGCACCA 1260 CCCTGCGGGC CAACCTCGGC ATCGACGCCC CCCGGAAGGC AGGTGCAGCG GCTTGACTTC 1320 CGTCCTAAAG GCGGGGGATT CCAGCGGTCG CCCGCTGGGG TTCCTGCTTC ACCGACGACC 1380 GCCCCGTCCG GGAGGACTCC CGTTGAGGTC TTATACCGTC TCCACAGGCC GACGCCGCCA 1440 GCCCGGCGGC CAGGATGTTG CGTGCCGCAT TCACGTCGCG GTCATGCACA GCGCCGCAGT 1500 CGCACGTCCA CTCCCGGACG TTCAGCGGCA GCTTCCCGCG GACCGTGCCG CAGGTTCCGC 1560 ACAGCTTGGA GCTGGGGAAC CAGCGGTCGA TCACGACGAG TTCGCGCCCA TACCAGGCGC 1620 ACTTGTACTC CAGCATGGAG CGCAGTTCCG TCCAGGCCGC GTCGGAGATG GCGCGCGCGA 1680 GCTTGCCGTT CTTCAGCAGG TTGCGGACGG TGAGGTCCTC GATCACGACC GTTTGGTTCT 1740 CACGGACGAG TCGAGTCGAC AGCTTGTGGA GGAAGTCGCA GCGCCGGTCG GTGATCCGGG 1800 CGTGGACGCG GGCGACCTTG CGGCGGGCTT TCTTCCGGTT CGCCGACCCC TTCGCCTTGC 1860 GCGACACGTC CCGCTGAGCC TTCGCGAGGC GGGCGCGGTC ACGGCGCTCG TGCTTGGGGT 1920 TGGTGATCTT CTCCCCGGTG GACAGGGTCA CCAGGGAGGT GATCCCGGCG TCGATGCCGA 1980 CGGCCGCCGT GGTGGCGGGC GCGGGGGTGA TGGTGTCCTC GCACAGCAGG GACACGAACC 2040 AGCGGCCCGC ACGGTCGCGG GACACGGTCA CCGTCGTCGG CTCCGCCCCT TCGGGAAGGG 2100 GACGGGACCA GCGGATGTCC AGGGGCTCCG CGGTCTTCGC CAGCGTGAGC TGTCCGTTAC 2160 GCCACGTGAA GGCGCTGCGG GTGTACTCGG CCGACGCCCT GGACTTTTTC CGCGACTTGT 2220 ACCGCGGGTA CTTCGACCGC TTGGCGAAGA AGTTGGCGAA CGCCGTCTGC AAGTGCCGCA 2280 GCGCCTGCTG GAGCGGGACG GAGGACACCT CCGAGAGGAA GGCGAGTTCT TCGGTCTTCT 2340 TCCACTCCGT CAGCGCGGCG GACGACTGCA CGTAGGAGAC CCGGCGCTGC TCGCCGTACC 2400 AGGCTCGCGT GCGCCCCTCA AGCGCCTTGT TGTACACGAG GCGGACACAG CCGAACGTGC 2460 GGGACAGCTC AGCCGCCTGC TCGTCCGTGG GATAAAAGCG GTACTTGAAA GCCCGCTTGA 2520 CCTGCTGCAT CACGCCTCAC ACGCTATCAG TTCCCGTGTG AGCGGCGGGT GTCTGCCGGT 2580 GGTTGCAGAC GCCGAACCGC CCTGGCGGCG ATTCGCCCAT CCCTGCCCTG CTCCGCAAGA 2640 GCTTCGTCTC CTCCCCGGTC TGAAGGCCGG GGTATCCACG AAGGAATTCT GATGACCGCG 2700 CCCATCCTCG TCGCCACCCT CGACACCCGC GGCCCCGCCG CCACCCTCGG CACGATCACC 2760 CGCGCCGTGC GGGCCGCGGA GGCCGCCGGA TTCGACGCCG TCCTGATCGA CGACCGGGCC 2820 GCCGCCGGCG TCCAGGGCCG GTTCGAGACG ACGACGCTGA CCGCCGCGCT GGCCGCCGTC 2880 ACCGAGCACA TCGGCCTGAT CACCGCCCCG CTCCCGGCCG ACCAGGCCCC CTACCACGTG 2940 TCCCGGATCA CCGCCTCGCT CGACCACCTC GCCCACGGCC GCACCGGCTG GCTCGCGAGC 3000 ACGGACACCA CCGACCCCGA GGGCCGCACC GGCGAACTCA TCGACGTCGT CCGCGGCCTG 3060 TGGGACAGCT TCGACGACGA CGCCTTCGTC CACGACCGCG CCGACGGCCT GTACTGGCGG 3120 CTGCCCGCCG TCCACCAACT CGACCACCAG GGCAGGCACT TCGACGTGGC CGGCCCCCTC 3180 AACGTCGCCC GCCCGCCGCA GGGCCACCCC GTCGTCGCCG TCACCGGCCC CGCCCTCGCC 3240 GCGGCCGCCG ACCTCGTCCT GCTCGACGAG GCGGCCGACG CCGCCTCGGT GAAGCAGCAG 3300 GCACCGCACG CCAAGATCCT CCTGCCGCTG CCCGGCCCGG CCGCCGAACT GCCCGCCGAC 3360 AGCCCCGCGG ACGGCTTCAC GGTGGCGCTC ACCGGCTCCG ACGACCCGGT CCTGGCCGCG 3420 CTCGCCGCCC GGCCCGGCCG CCCGGACCGC ACCGCGGCCA CCACCCTGCG CGAACGCCTG 3480 GGCCTGGCCC GCCCCGAGAG CCGCCACGCC CTCACCACCG CCTGACGACC CGTCCGCCCG 3540 CTGCTTCCTG GAGAGTCATG TCCCGTCGCC TGTTCACCTC GGAGTCCGTG ACCGAGGGCC 3600 ACCCCGACAA GATCGCCGAC CAGATCAGTG ACACCGTCCT CGACGCCCTG CTGCGCGAGG 3660 ACCCCGCCTC ACGCGTCGCG GTCGAGACCC TGATCACCAC CGGCCAGGTC CACATCGCCG 3720 GCGAGGTCAC CACCAAGGCG TACGCGCCCA TCGCCCAACT GGTCCGCGAC ACGATCCTGG 3780 CCATCGGCTA CGACTCGTCC GCCAAGGGCT TCGACGGCGC CTCCTGCGGC GTCTCCGTCT 3840 CCATCGGCGC GCAGTCCCCG GACATCGCCC AGGGCGTCGA CAGCGCCTAC GAGACCCGCG 3900 TCGAGGGCGA GGACGACGAG CTCGACCAGC AGGGCGCCGG CGACCAGGGC CTGATGTTCG 3960 GCTACGCCAC CGACGAGACC CCCTCGCTGA TGCCGCTGCC CATCGAGCTC GCCCACCGCC 4020 TCTCGCGCCG GCTCACCGAG GTCCGCAAGG ACGGCACCGT CCCCTACCTG CGCCCCGACG 4080 GCAAGACCCA GGTCACCATC GAGTACCAGG GCAGCCGCCC GGTGCGCCTG GACACCGTCG 4140 TCGTCTCCTC CCAGCACGCC GCCGACATCG ACCTCGGCTC CCTGCTCACC CCCGACATCC 4200 GCGAGCACGT CGTCGAGCAC GTCCTCGCCG CACTCGCCGA GGACGGCATC AAGCTCGAGA 4260 CGGACAACTA CCGCCTGCTG GTCAACCCGA CCGGCCGTTT CGAGATCGGC GGCCCGATGG 4320 GCGACGCCGG CCTGACCGGC CGCAAGATCA TCATCGACAC GTACGGCGGC ATGGCCCGCC 4380 ACGGCGGTGG CGCGTTCTCC GGCAAGGACC CGTCCAAGGT CGACCGTTCC GCCGCGTACG 4440 CGATGCGCTG GGTCGCCAAG AACGTCGTCG CCGCGGGCCT CGCCTCCCGC TGCGAGGTCC 4500 AGGTCGCCTA CGCCATCGGC AAGGCCGAGC CGGTCGGCCT GTTCGTCGAG ACGTTCGGCA 4560 CCGGCACCGT CGCCCAGGAG CGCATCGAGA AGGCCATCAC CGAGGTCTTC GACCTGCGCC 4620 CCGCGGCCAT CATCCGCGAC CTCGACCTGC TGCGGCCCAT CTACGCCGCC ACCGCCGCCT 4680 ACGGCCACTT CGGCCGCGAA CTGCCCGACT TCACCTGGGA GCGGACCGAC CGCGCCCACC 4740 GGCTCAAGGC CGCGGCCGGT CTCTGAGCCG GCCGGACCTG TGAGGAGACC TGACGTGCGC 4800 ATCGCTGTCA CCGGTTCCAT CGCCACCGAC CATCTGATGG TCTTCCCCGG CCGGTTCGCG 4860 GATCAGCTGA TCCCCGACCA GCTCGCTCAT GTCTCGCTCT CCTTCCTGGT CGACGCACTC 4920 GAGGTGCGCC GGGGCGGAGT GGCGGACAAC GTCGCCTTCG GCCTCGGCGG CCTCGGCCTC 4980 ACCCCCCAGC TGGTCGGCGC CGTGGGCAGC GACTTCGCCG AGTACGAGGT CTGGCTCAAG 5040 GAACACGGCG TCGACACCGG CCCCGTCCTG GTCTCCACCG AGCGGCAGAC CGCCCGGTTC 5100 ATGTGCATCA CCGACCAGGA CTCCAACCAG ATCGCCTCCT TCTACGCGGG CGCCATGCAA 5160 GAGGCCCGCG ACATCGACCT GTGGCACCTG ACCACCGGCA GCGTCCGCCC CGACCTCGTC 5220 CTGGTCTGCC CGAACGACCC GGCGGCGATG CTGCGCCACA CGGGGAGTGC CGCGAAACTG 5280 GGCCTGCCGT TCGCCGCCGA CCCCTCCCAG CAGCTCGCCC GCCTGGAGGG AGGGAGGTAC 5340 GCGAACTCGG TCGACGGGGC CCGTTGGTTT TTCACCAACG AAGTACGAGG CC 5392 1268 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 1..1268 2 ATG ACC GCA CCC CGC CGG CGC ATC ACC CTC GCC GGC ATC ATC GAC GGC 48 Met Thr Ala Pro Arg Arg Arg Ile Thr Leu Ala Gly Ile Ile Asp Gly 1 5 10 15 CCC GGC GGC CAT GTG GCC GCC TGG CGC CAC CCG GCG ACC AAG GCG GAC 96 Pro Gly Gly His Val Ala Ala Trp Arg His Pro Ala Thr Lys Ala Asp 20 25 30 GCC CAG CTC GAC TTC GAA TTC CAC CGC GAC AAC GCC CGC ACC CTC GAA 144 Ala Gln Leu Asp Phe Glu Phe His Arg Asp Asn Ala Arg Thr Leu Glu 35 40 45 CGC GGC CTG TTC GAC GCC GTG TTC ATC GCG GAC ATC GTC GCC GTG TGG 192 Arg Gly Leu Phe Asp Ala Val Phe Ile Ala Asp Ile Val Ala Val Trp 50 55 60 GGC ACC CGC CTG GAC TCC CTG TGC CGC ACC TCG CGC ACC GAG CAC TTC 240 Gly Thr Arg Leu Asp Ser Leu Cys Arg Thr Ser Arg Thr Glu His Phe 65 70 75 80 GAA CCG CTC ACC CTG CTC GCC GCC TAC GCC GCG GTC ACC GAG CAC ATC 288 Glu Pro Leu Thr Leu Leu Ala Ala Tyr Ala Ala Val Thr Glu His Ile 85 90 95 GGC CTG TGC GCC ACC GCC ACC ACC ACG TAC AAC GAA CCG GCG CAC ATC 336 Gly Leu Cys Ala Thr Ala Thr Thr Thr Tyr Asn Glu Pro Ala His Ile 100 105 110 GCC GCC CGC TTC GCC TCC CTC GAC CAC CTC AGC GGC GGC CGG GCC GGC 384 Ala Ala Arg Phe Ala Ser Leu Asp His Leu Ser Gly Gly Arg Ala Gly 115 120 125 TGG AAC GTC GTC ACC TCC GCC GCA CCG TGG GAG TCC GCC AAC TTC GGC 432 Trp Asn Val Val Thr Ser Ala Ala Pro Trp Glu Ser Ala Asn Phe Gly 130 135 140 TTC CCC GAG CAC CTG GAG CAC GGC AAA CGC TAC GAG CGG GCC GAG GAG 480 Phe Pro Glu His Leu Glu His Gly Lys Arg Tyr Glu Arg Ala Glu Glu 145 150 155 160 TTC ATC GAC GTC GTC AAA AAA CTG TGG GAC AGC GAC GGC CGC CCC GTC 528 Phe Ile Asp Val Val Lys Lys Leu Trp Asp Ser Asp Gly Arg Pro Val 165 170 175 GAC CAC CGC GGC ACC CAC TTC GAG GCC CCC GGC CCG CTC GGG ATC GCC 576 Asp His Arg Gly Thr His Phe Glu Ala Pro Gly Pro Leu Gly Ile Ala 180 185 190 CGC CCC CCG CAG GGC CGC CCC GTC ATC ATC CAG GCC GGC TCC TCG CCG 624 Arg Pro Pro Gln Gly Arg Pro Val Ile Ile Gln Ala Gly Ser Ser Pro 195 200 205 GTG GGA CGC GAG TTC GCC GCC CGG CAC GCC GAG GTC ATC TTC ACC CGG 672 Val Gly Arg Glu Phe Ala Ala Arg His Ala Glu Val Ile Phe Thr Arg 210 215 220 CAC AAC CGG CTC TCC GAC GCC CAG GAC TTC TAC GGC GAC CTC AAG GCA 720 His Asn Arg Leu Ser Asp Ala Gln Asp Phe Tyr Gly Asp Leu Lys Ala 225 230 235 240 CGC GTC GCC CGG CAC GGC CGC GAC CCC GAG AAG GTC CTC GTG TGG CCG 768 Arg Val Ala Arg His Gly Arg Asp Pro Glu Lys Val Leu Val Trp Pro 245 250 255 ACC CTC GCG CCG ATC GTC GCC GCC ACC GAC ACC GAG GCG AAG CAG CGC 816 Thr Leu Ala Pro Ile Val Ala Ala Thr Asp Thr Glu Ala Lys Gln Arg 260 265 270 CTG CAG GAA CTG CAG GAC CTC ACC CAC GAC CAT GTC GCC CTG CGC ACC 864 Leu Gln Glu Leu Gln Asp Leu Thr His Asp His Val Ala Leu Arg Thr 275 280 285 CTT CAG GAC CAC CTC GGC GAC GTC GAC CTG AGC GCG TAC CCG ATC GAC 912 Leu Gln Asp His Leu Gly Asp Val Asp Leu Ser Ala Tyr Pro Ile Asp 290 295 300 GGG CCC GTC CCC GAC ATC CCG TAC ACC AAC CAG TCC CAG TCG ACG ACC 960 Gly Pro Val Pro Asp Ile Pro Tyr Thr Asn Gln Ser Gln Ser Thr Thr 305 310 315 320 GAG CGG CTG ATC GGC CTG GCC AGG CGC GAG AAC CTC AGC ATC CGC GAG 1008 Glu Arg Leu Ile Gly Leu Ala Arg Arg Glu Asn Leu Ser Ile Arg Glu 325 330 335 CTG GCC CTG CGG CTG ATG GGC GAC ATC GTC GTC GGC ACA CCG GAG CAG 1056 Leu Ala Leu Arg Leu Met Gly Asp Ile Val Val Gly Thr Pro Glu Gln 340 345 350 CTC GCC GAC CAC ATG GAG AGC TGG TTC ACC GGC CGC GGC GCC GAC GGC 1104 Leu Ala Asp His Met Glu Ser Trp Phe Thr Gly Arg Gly Ala Asp Gly 355 360 365 TTC AAC ATC GAC TTC CCG TAC CTG CCG GGC TCC GCC GAC GAC TTC GTC 1152 Phe Asn Ile Asp Phe Pro Tyr Leu Pro Gly Ser Ala Asp Asp Phe Val 370 375 380 GAC CAC GTG GTG CCC GAA CTG CAG CGC CGC GGC CTG TAC CGC TCG GGC 1200 Asp His Val Val Pro Glu Leu Gln Arg Arg Gly Leu Tyr Arg Ser Gly 385 390 395 400 TAC GAG GGC ACC ACC CTG CGG GCC AAC CTC GGC ATC GAC GCC CCC CGG 1248 Tyr Glu Gly Thr Thr Leu Arg Ala Asn Leu Gly Ile Asp Ala Pro Arg 405 410 415 AAG GCA GGT GCA GCG GCT TG 1268 Lys Ala Gly Ala Ala Ala 420 833 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 1..833 3 ATG ACC GCG CCC ATC CTC GTC GCC ACC CTC GAC ACC CGC GGC CCC GCC 48 Met Thr Ala Pro Ile Leu Val Ala Thr Leu Asp Thr Arg Gly Pro Ala 1 5 10 15 GCC ACC CTC GGC ACG ATC ACC CGC GCC GTG CGG GCC GCG GAG GCC GCC 96 Ala Thr Leu Gly Thr Ile Thr Arg Ala Val Arg Ala Ala Glu Ala Ala 20 25 30 GGA TTC GAC GCC GTC CTG ATC GAC GAC CGG GCC GCC GCC GGC GTC CAG 144 Gly Phe Asp Ala Val Leu Ile Asp Asp Arg Ala Ala Ala Gly Val Gln 35 40 45 GGC CGG TTC GAG ACG ACG ACG CTG ACC GCC GCG CTG GCC GCC GTC ACC 192 Gly Arg Phe Glu Thr Thr Thr Leu Thr Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Val Thr 50 55 60 GAG CAC ATC GGC CTG ATC ACC GCC CCG CTC CCG GCC GAC CAG GCC CCC 240 Glu His Ile Gly Leu Ile Thr Ala Pro Leu Pro Ala Asp Gln Ala Pro 65 70 75 80 TAC CAC GTG TCC CGG ATC ACC GCC TCG CTC GAC CAC CTC GCC CAC GGC 288 Tyr His Val Ser Arg Ile Thr Ala Ser Leu Asp His Leu Ala His Gly 85 90 95 CGC ACC GGC TGG CTC GCG AGC ACG GAC ACC ACC GAC CCC GAG GGC CGC 336 Arg Thr Gly Trp Leu Ala Ser Thr Asp Thr Thr Asp Pro Glu Gly Arg 100 105 110 ACC GGC GAA CTC ATC GAC GTC GTC CGC GGC CTG TGG GAC AGC TTC GAC 384 Thr Gly Glu Leu Ile Asp Val Val Arg Gly Leu Trp Asp Ser Phe Asp 115 120 125 GAC GAC GCC TTC GTC CAC GAC CGC GCC GAC GGC CTG TAC TGG CGG CTG 432 Asp Asp Ala Phe Val His Asp Arg Ala Asp Gly Leu Tyr Trp Arg Leu 130 135 140 CCC GCC GTC CAC CAA CTC GAC CAC CAG GGC AGG CAC TTC GAC GTG GCC 480 Pro Ala Val His Gln Leu Asp His Gln Gly Arg His Phe Asp Val Ala 145 150 155 160 GGC CCC CTC AAC GTC GCC CGC CCG CCG CAG GGC CAC CCC GTC GTC GCC 528 Gly Pro Leu Asn Val Ala Arg Pro Pro Gln Gly His Pro Val Val Ala 165 170 175 GTC ACC GGC CCC GCC CTC GCC GCG GCC GCC GAC CTC GTC CTG CTC GAC 576 Val Thr Gly Pro Ala Leu Ala Ala Ala Ala Asp Leu Val Leu Leu Asp 180 185 190 GAG GCG GCC GAC GCC GCC TCG GTG AAG CAG CAG GCA CCG CAC GCC AAG 624 Glu Ala Ala Asp Ala Ala Ser Val Lys Gln Gln Ala Pro His Ala Lys 195 200 205 ATC CTC CTG CCG CTG CCC GGC CCG GCC GCC GAA CTG CCC GCC GAC AGC 672 Ile Leu Leu Pro Leu Pro Gly Pro Ala Ala Glu Leu Pro Ala Asp Ser 210 215 220 CCC GCG GAC GGC TTC ACG GTG GCG CTC ACC GGC TCC GAC GAC CCG GTC 720 Pro Ala Asp Gly Phe Thr Val Ala Leu Thr Gly Ser Asp Asp Pro Val 225 230 235 240 CTG GCC GCG CTC GCC GCC CGG CCC GGC CGC CCG GAC CGC ACC GCG GCC 768 Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Arg Pro Gly Arg Pro Asp Arg Thr Ala Ala 245 250 255 ACC ACC CTG CGC GAA CGC CTG GGC CTG GCC CGC CCC GAG AGC CGC CAC 816 Thr Thr Leu Arg Glu Arg Leu Gly Leu Ala Arg Pro Glu Ser Arg His 260 265 270 GCC CTC ACC ACC GCC TG 833 Ala Leu Thr Thr Ala 275 1208 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 1..1208 4 ATG TCC CGT CGC CTG TTC ACC TCG GAG TCC GTG ACC GAG GGC CAC CCC 48 Met Ser Arg Arg Leu Phe Thr Ser Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gly His Pro 1 5 10 15 GAC AAG ATC GCC GAC CAG ATC AGT GAC ACC GTC CTC GAC GCC CTG CTG 96 Asp Lys Ile Ala Asp Gln Ile Ser Asp Thr Val Leu Asp Ala Leu Leu 20 25 30 CGC GAG GAC CCC GCC TCA CGC GTC GCG GTC GAG ACC CTG ATC ACC ACC 144 Arg Glu Asp Pro Ala Ser Arg Val Ala Val Glu Thr Leu Ile Thr Thr 35 40 45 GGC CAG GTC CAC ATC GCC GGC GAG GTC ACC ACC AAG GCG TAC GCG CCC 192 Gly Gln Val His Ile Ala Gly Glu Val Thr Thr Lys Ala Tyr Ala Pro 50 55 60 ATC GCC CAA CTG GTC CGC GAC ACG ATC CTG GCC ATC GGC TAC GAC TCG 240 Ile Ala Gln Leu Val Arg Asp Thr Ile Leu Ala Ile Gly Tyr Asp Ser 65 70 75 80 TCC GCC AAG GGC TTC GAC GGC GCC TCC TGC GGC GTC TCC GTC TCC ATC 288 Ser Ala Lys Gly Phe Asp Gly Ala Ser Cys Gly Val Ser Val Ser Ile 85 90 95 GGC GCG CAG TCC CCG GAC ATC GCC CAG GGC GTC GAC AGC GCC TAC GAG 336 Gly Ala Gln Ser Pro Asp Ile Ala Gln Gly Val Asp Ser Ala Tyr Glu 100 105 110 ACC CGC GTC GAG GGC GAG GAC GAC GAG CTC GAC CAG CAG GGC GCC GGC 384 Thr Arg Val Glu Gly Glu Asp Asp Glu Leu Asp Gln Gln Gly Ala Gly 115 120 125 GAC CAG GGC CTG ATG TTC GGC TAC GCC ACC GAC GAG ACC CCC TCG CTG 432 Asp Gln Gly Leu Met Phe Gly Tyr Ala Thr Asp Glu Thr Pro Ser Leu 130 135 140 ATG CCG CTG CCC ATC GAG CTC GCC CAC CGC CTC TCG CGC CGG CTC ACC 480 Met Pro Leu Pro Ile Glu Leu Ala His Arg Leu Ser Arg Arg Leu Thr 145 150 155 160 GAG GTC CGC AAG GAC GGC ACC GTC CCC TAC CTG CGC CCC GAC GGC AAG 528 Glu Val Arg Lys Asp Gly Thr Val Pro Tyr Leu Arg Pro Asp Gly Lys 165 170 175 ACC CAG GTC ACC ATC GAG TAC CAG GGC AGC CGC CCG GTG CGC CTG GAC 576 Thr Gln Val Thr Ile Glu Tyr Gln Gly Ser Arg Pro Val Arg Leu Asp 180 185 190 ACC GTC GTC GTC TCC TCC CAG CAC GCC GCC GAC ATC GAC CTC GGC TCC 624 Thr Val Val Val Ser Ser Gln His Ala Ala Asp Ile Asp Leu Gly Ser 195 200 205 CTG CTC ACC CCC GAC ATC CGC GAG CAC GTC GTC GAG CAC GTC CTC GCC 672 Leu Leu Thr Pro Asp Ile Arg Glu His Val Val Glu His Val Leu Ala 210 215 220 GCA CTC GCC GAG GAC GGC ATC AAG CTC GAG ACG GAC AAC TAC CGC CTG 720 Ala Leu Ala Glu Asp Gly Ile Lys Leu Glu Thr Asp Asn Tyr Arg Leu 225 230 235 240 CTG GTC AAC CCG ACC GGC CGT TTC GAG ATC GGC GGC CCG ATG GGC GAC 768 Leu Val Asn Pro Thr Gly Arg Phe Glu Ile Gly Gly Pro Met Gly Asp 245 250 255 GCC GGC CTG ACC GGC CGC AAG ATC ATC ATC GAC ACG TAC GGC GGC ATG 816 Ala Gly Leu Thr Gly Arg Lys Ile Ile Ile Asp Thr Tyr Gly Gly Met 260 265 270 GCC CGC CAC GGC GGT GGC GCG TTC TCC GGC AAG GAC CCG TCC AAG GTC 864 Ala Arg His Gly Gly Gly Ala Phe Ser Gly Lys Asp Pro Ser Lys Val 275 280 285 GAC CGT TCC GCC GCG TAC GCG ATG CGC TGG GTC GCC AAG AAC GTC GTC 912 Asp Arg Ser Ala Ala Tyr Ala Met Arg Trp Val Ala Lys Asn Val Val 290 295 300 GCC GCG GGC CTC GCC TCC CGC TGC GAG GTC CAG GTC GCC TAC GCC ATC 960 Ala Ala Gly Leu Ala Ser Arg Cys Glu Val Gln Val Ala Tyr Ala Ile 305 310 315 320 GGC AAG GCC GAG CCG GTC GGC CTG TTC GTC GAG ACG TTC GGC ACC GGC 1008 Gly Lys Ala Glu Pro Val Gly Leu Phe Val Glu Thr Phe Gly Thr Gly 325 330 335 ACC GTC GCC CAG GAG CGC ATC GAG AAG GCC ATC ACC GAG GTC TTC GAC 1056 Thr Val Ala Gln Glu Arg Ile Glu Lys Ala Ile Thr Glu Val Phe Asp 340 345 350 CTG CGC CCC GCG GCC ATC ATC CGC GAC CTC GAC CTG CTG CGG CCC ATC 1104 Leu Arg Pro Ala Ala Ile Ile Arg Asp Leu Asp Leu Leu Arg Pro Ile 355 360 365 TAC GCC GCC ACC GCC GCC TAC GGC CAC TTC GGC CGC GAA CTG CCC GAC 1152 Tyr Ala Ala Thr Ala Ala Tyr Gly His Phe Gly Arg Glu Leu Pro Asp 370 375 380 TTC ACC TGG GAG CGG ACC GAC CGC GCC CAC CGG CTC AAG GCC GCG GCC 1200 Phe Thr Trp Glu Arg Thr Asp Arg Ala His Arg Leu Lys Ala Ala Ala 385 390 395 400 GGT CTC TG 1208 Gly Leu 1879 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 110..1858 5 GATCGGCTCC TGACGGAGCG GCGGCGCGCG GGCGCGGCGC ATCAGCGGCG TGTCAACGGC 60 GCTGCCGACA CTGGGCGCGA CGCGAGGACG AAGCCGGAAA GGACCAACG ATG CTG 115 Met Leu 1 GAC GGA TGC GTT CCC TGG CCC GAG GAT GTG GCC GCG AAG TAC CGG GCG 163 Asp Gly Cys Val Pro Trp Pro Glu Asp Val Ala Ala Lys Tyr Arg Ala 5 10 15 GCC GGC TAC TGG CGG GGC GAG CCG CTG GGC ATG CTG CTG GGC CGC TGG 211 Ala Gly Tyr Trp Arg Gly Glu Pro Leu Gly Met Leu Leu Gly Arg Trp 20 25 30 GCG GAG CAG TAC GGC GAG CGG GAG GCG CTG GTC GGC GCG GAC GGG TGC 259 Ala Glu Gln Tyr Gly Glu Arg Glu Ala Leu Val Gly Ala Asp Gly Cys 35 40 45 50 TCC CGT GTC ACC TAC CGT GCC CTG GAC CGC TGG TGC GAC CGG CTG GCG 307 Ser Arg Val Thr Tyr Arg Ala Leu Asp Arg Trp Cys Asp Arg Leu Ala 55 60 65 GCG GGG TTC GCG GCG CGC GGG ATC GGC GCC GGC GAG CGG GTG CTG GTG 355 Ala Gly Phe Ala Ala Arg Gly Ile Gly Ala Gly Glu Arg Val Leu Val 70 75 80 CAG CTG CCG AAC ACG CCC GAG TTC GTC GCG GTG TGC TTC GCG CTG TTC 403 Gln Leu Pro Asn Thr Pro Glu Phe Val Ala Val Cys Phe Ala Leu Phe 85 90 95 CGT CTG GGC GCG CTG CCG GTG TTC GCG CTG CCC GCG CAC CGT GCC GCC 451 Arg Leu Gly Ala Leu Pro Val Phe Ala Leu Pro Ala His Arg Ala Ala 100 105 110 GAG GTG GGG CAC CTG CTC GAG CTG TCC GGC GCC GTC GCC CAC ATC CTG 499 Glu Val Gly His Leu Leu Glu Leu Ser Gly Ala Val Ala His Ile Leu 115 120 125 130 CCG GGC ACC GGC ACC GGC TAC GAC CAT GTC GCG GCG GCC GTG GAG GCC 547 Pro Gly Thr Gly Thr Gly Tyr Asp His Val Ala Ala Ala Val Glu Ala 135 140 145 CGT GCC CGC CGT GCC CGC CCG GTG CAG GTG TTC GTG GCG GGC GAG GCG 595 Arg Ala Arg Arg Ala Arg Pro Val Gln Val Phe Val Ala Gly Glu Ala 150 155 160 CCC GCG GTG CTG CCC GAG GGG TTC ACC GCG CTG GCC GAC GTG GAC GGC 643 Pro Ala Val Leu Pro Glu Gly Phe Thr Ala Leu Ala Asp Val Asp Gly 165 170 175 GAC CCG GTG GCG CCG GCG GAC GTG GAC GCC TTC CGA CGT GGC GTC TTC 691 Asp Pro Val Ala Pro Ala Asp Val Asp Ala Phe Arg Arg Gly Val Phe 180 185 190 CTG CTG TCC GGG GGG ACG ACC GCG CTG CCG AAG CTG ATC CCG CGC ACC 739 Leu Leu Ser Gly Gly Thr Thr Ala Leu Pro Lys Leu Ile Pro Arg Thr 195 200 205 210 CAC GAC GAC TAC GCC TAC CAG TGC CGG GTC ACG GCC GGT ATC TGC GGC 787 His Asp Asp Tyr Ala Tyr Gln Cys Arg Val Thr Ala Gly Ile Cys Gly 215 220 225 CTG GAC GCG GAC AGT GTC TAT CTG GCG GTG CTG CCG GCC GAG TTC AAC 835 Leu Asp Ala Asp Ser Val Tyr Leu Ala Val Leu Pro Ala Glu Phe Asn 230 235 240 TTC CCC TTC GGC TGC CCG GGC ATC CTG GGC ACC CTG CAC GCC GGC GGG 883 Phe Pro Phe Gly Cys Pro Gly Ile Leu Gly Thr Leu His Ala Gly Gly 245 250 255 CGG GTG GTG TTC GCG CTG TCA CCG CAG CCC GAG GAG TGC TTC GCG CTG 931 Arg Val Val Phe Ala Leu Ser Pro Gln Pro Glu Glu Cys Phe Ala Leu 260 265 270 ATC GAA CGC GAA CAC GTC ACC TTC ACC TCC GTC ATC CCC ACG ATC GTG 979 Ile Glu Arg Glu His Val Thr Phe Thr Ser Val Ile Pro Thr Ile Val 275 280 285 290 CAC CTG TGG CTG GCG GCC GCC GCA CAA GGC CAC GGC CGC GAC CTG GGC 1027 His Leu Trp Leu Ala Ala Ala Ala Gln Gly His Gly Arg Asp Leu Gly 295 300 305 AGC CTT CAG CTG CTG CAG GTC GGC AGC GCC AAA CTC CAC GAG GAG CTC 1075 Ser Leu Gln Leu Leu Gln Val Gly Ser Ala Lys Leu His Glu Glu Leu 310 315 320 GCC GCC CGG ATC GGC CCC GAA CTG GGG GTG CGG CTG CAG CAG GTG TTC 1123 Ala Ala Arg Ile Gly Pro Glu Leu Gly Val Arg Leu Gln Gln Val Phe 325 330 335 GGC ATG GCC GAG GGA CTG CTG ACC TTC ACC CGC GAC GAC GAC CCG GCG 1171 Gly Met Ala Glu Gly Leu Leu Thr Phe Thr Arg Asp Asp Asp Pro Ala 340 345 350 GAC GTG GTG CTG CGC ACC CAG GGC CGG CCG GTG TCC GAG GCC GAC GAG 1219 Asp Val Val Leu Arg Thr Gln Gly Arg Pro Val Ser Glu Ala Asp Glu 355 360 365 370 ATA CGC GTC GCC GAC CCC GAC GGC CGG CCC GTG CCC CGC GGT GAG ACC 1267 Ile Arg Val Ala Asp Pro Asp Gly Arg Pro Val Pro Arg Gly Glu Thr 375 380 385 GGT GAA CTG CTC ACC CGC GGC CCC TAC ACG CTG CGC GGC TAC TAC CGG 1315 Gly Glu Leu Leu Thr Arg Gly Pro Tyr Thr Leu Arg Gly Tyr Tyr Arg 390 395 400 GCC CCC GAG CAC AAC GCC CGC GCG TTC ACC GAG GAC GGC TTC TAC CGC 1363 Ala Pro Glu His Asn Ala Arg Ala Phe Thr Glu Asp Gly Phe Tyr Arg 405 410 415 AGC GGC GAT CTG GTG CGG CTC ACC GCC GAC GGG CAG TTG GTG GTG GAG 1411 Ser Gly Asp Leu Val Arg Leu Thr Ala Asp Gly Gln Leu Val Val Glu 420 425 430 GGC AGG ATC AAG GAC GTC GTC ATC CGC GGC GGC GAC AAG GTC TCC GCG 1459 Gly Arg Ile Lys Asp Val Val Ile Arg Gly Gly Asp Lys Val Ser Ala 435 440 445 450 ACC GAG GTC GAG GGC CAC CTG GGC GCC CAC CCC GAC GTC CAG CAG GCC 1507 Thr Glu Val Glu Gly His Leu Gly Ala His Pro Asp Val Gln Gln Ala 455 460 465 GCC GTC GTC GCC ATG CCC GAC CCG GTG TGG GGC GAG AAG GTC TGC GCC 1555 Ala Val Val Ala Met Pro Asp Pro Val Trp Gly Glu Lys Val Cys Ala 470 475 480 TAC ATC GTG CCC GCA CCC GGC CGT CCC GCA CCG CCG ATG GCG GCG CTG 1603 Tyr Ile Val Pro Ala Pro Gly Arg Pro Ala Pro Pro Met Ala Ala Leu 485 490 495 CGC CGG CTG CTG CGC GCG CGG GGA CTG GCC GAC TAC AAG CTT CCC GAC 1651 Arg Arg Leu Leu Arg Ala Arg Gly Leu Ala Asp Tyr Lys Leu Pro Asp 500 505 510 CGG GTG GAG GTC GTC GAC GCG TTC CCG CTG ACC GGC CTC AAC AAG GTC 1699 Arg Val Glu Val Val Asp Ala Phe Pro Leu Thr Gly Leu Asn Lys Val 515 520 525 530 GAC AAG AAG GCC CTG GCG GCC GAC ATC GCC GCC AAG ACC GCC CCC ACC 1747 Asp Lys Lys Ala Leu Ala Ala Asp Ile Ala Ala Lys Thr Ala Pro Thr 535 540 545 CGC CCC ACC ACC GCC GGC CAC GGC CCG ACC ACG GAC GGC GAT ACG GCC 1795 Arg Pro Thr Thr Ala Gly His Gly Pro Thr Thr Asp Gly Asp Thr Ala 550 555 560 GGT GGG GGT GGG TCC GCG GGC GGG GTG ACG GCC GCC GGT GGC GGG CGG 1843 Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Gly Gly Val Thr Ala Ala Gly Gly Gly Arg 565 570 575 GAG GAG GCG GCG TGAGCGGGCC CGGGCCCGAG GGCG 1879 Glu Glu Ala Ala 580 1833 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 103..1689 6 GGATCCCCTC GCCCAGGGCC CTGGCGGGCC CGCCGGGCCG TGGGGGAGGT GCGGGGGCCG 60 CGGGCCCCGG CACCGCACGA ACAGAACAAC CGCTCCGGGC CC ATG CGG ACT TCA 114 Met Arg Thr Ser 1 CGG TCC CAC GAC CAG CGG GCC CCT ACC CCC TGG AGA CAT CCC TTG CAC 162 Arg Ser His Asp Gln Arg Ala Pro Thr Pro Trp Arg His Pro Leu His 5 10 15 20 AGC ACC CGG CCC GCG CCC GCG GCC GAC CGT GAC CCC AGG CGC TGG GTC 210 Ser Thr Arg Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Asp Arg Asp Pro Arg Arg Trp Val 25 30 35 ATC CTC GGC GTG ATC TGC CTG GCC CAA CTC GTC GTC CTG CTC GAC AAC 258 Ile Leu Gly Val Ile Cys Leu Ala Gln Leu Val Val Leu Leu Asp Asn 40 45 50 ACC GTC CTC AAC GTC GCC ATC CCG GTG CTC ACC ACC GAC CTG GGC GCC 306 Thr Val Leu Asn Val Ala Ile Pro Val Leu Thr Thr Asp Leu Gly Ala 55 60 65 AGC ACC GCC GAC ATC CAG TGG ATG ATC AAC GCC TAC GCG CTC GTG CAG 354 Ser Thr Ala Asp Ile Gln Trp Met Ile Asn Ala Tyr Ala Leu Val Gln 70 75 80 TCC GGG CTG CTG CTC ACC GCG GGC AGC CTC GCG GAC CGC TAC GGC CGC 402 Ser Gly Leu Leu Leu Thr Ala Gly Ser Leu Ala Asp Arg Tyr Gly Arg 85 90 95 100 AAA CGG CTG CTG ATG CTC GGA CTG GTG CTC TTC GGC GCC GGG TCC GCC 450 Lys Arg Leu Leu Met Leu Gly Leu Val Leu Phe Gly Ala Gly Ser Ala 105 110 115 TGG GCG GCC TTC GCC CAG GAC TCC GCC CAA CTC ATC GCC GCC CGG GCC 498 Trp Ala Ala Phe Ala Gln Asp Ser Ala Gln Leu Ile Ala Ala Arg Ala 120 125 130 GGC ATG GGC GTG GGC GGG GCG CTG CTG GCG ACC ACC ACC CTC GCC GTC 546 Gly Met Gly Val Gly Gly Ala Leu Leu Ala Thr Thr Thr Leu Ala Val 135 140 145 ATC ATG CAG GTC TTC GAC GAC GAC GAA CGC CCC CGG GCG ATC GGC CTG 594 Ile Met Gln Val Phe Asp Asp Asp Glu Arg Pro Arg Ala Ile Gly Leu 150 155 160 TGG GGA GCG GCC AGC TCA CTG GGC TTC GCG GCC GGC CCG CTG CTC GGC 642 Trp Gly Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Gly Phe Ala Ala Gly Pro Leu Leu Gly 165 170 175 180 GGC GCC CTC CTC GAC CAC TTC TGG TGG GGC TCC ATC TTC CTG ATC AAC 690 Gly Ala Leu Leu Asp His Phe Trp Trp Gly Ser Ile Phe Leu Ile Asn 185 190 195 CTG CCC GTC GCG CTG CTG GGC CTG CTG GCC GTC GCC CGC CTG GTG CCC 738 Leu Pro Val Ala Leu Leu Gly Leu Leu Ala Val Ala Arg Leu Val Pro 200 205 210 GAG ACG AAG AAC CCC GAA GGC CGG CGC CCC GAC CTG CTC GGC GCC GTG 786 Glu Thr Lys Asn Pro Glu Gly Arg Arg Pro Asp Leu Leu Gly Ala Val 215 220 225 CTC TCC ACC CTC GGC ATG GTC GGC GTC GTC TAC GCC ATC ATC TCC GGC 834 Leu Ser Thr Leu Gly Met Val Gly Val Val Tyr Ala Ile Ile Ser Gly 230 235 240 CCC GAA CAC GGC TGG ACG GCC CCG CAG GTC CTC CTG CCG GCC GCC GTC 882 Pro Glu His Gly Trp Thr Ala Pro Gln Val Leu Leu Pro Ala Ala Val 245 250 255 260 GCG GCC GCC GCG CTC ACC GCG TTC GTC CGC TGG GAA CTG CAC ACC CCC 930 Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Thr Ala Phe Val Arg Trp Glu Leu His Thr Pro 265 270 275 CAC CCC ATG CTC GAC ATG GGC TTC TTC ACC GAC CGG CGC TTC AAC GGG 978 His Pro Met Leu Asp Met Gly Phe Phe Thr Asp Arg Arg Phe Asn Gly 280 285 290 CCG TCG CCG GCG GAG TGC TCG TCG TTC GGC ATG GCC GGC TCG CTC TTC 1026 Pro Ser Pro Ala Glu Cys Ser Ser Phe Gly Met Ala Gly Ser Leu Phe 295 300 305 CTG CTC ACC CAG CAC CTC CAA CTC GTC CTC GGC TAC GAC GCC CTG CAG 1074 Leu Leu Thr Gln His Leu Gln Leu Val Leu Gly Tyr Asp Ala Leu Gln 310 315 320 GCC GGC CTG CGC ACC GCG CCA CTG GCT TTG ACG ATC GTC GCC CTC AAC 1122 Ala Gly Leu Arg Thr Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Thr Ile Val Ala Leu Asn 325 330 335 340 CTG GCC GGC CTC GGC GCG AAA CTC CTC GCC GCG CTC GGC ACC GCC CGC 1170 Leu Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala Lys Leu Leu Ala Ala Leu Gly Thr Ala Arg 345 350 355 AGC ATC GCC CTG GGC ATG ACA CTG CTG GCC GCC GGC CTC AGC GCG GTG 1218 Ser Ile Ala Leu Gly Met Thr Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly Leu Ser Ala Val 360 365 370 GCC GTC GGC GGA TCG GGC CCC GAC GCC GGC TAC GGC GGC ATG CTC GCC 1266 Ala Val Gly Gly Ser Gly Pro Asp Ala Gly Tyr Gly Gly Met Leu Ala 375 380 385 GGC CTG CTC CTC ATG GGC GCG GGC ATC GCA CTG GCC ATG CCC GCC ATG 1314 Gly Leu Leu Leu Met Gly Ala Gly Ile Ala Leu Ala Met Pro Ala Met 390 395 400 GCC ACC GCC GTG ATG TCC TCC ATC CCG CCC GCC AAG GCC GGG GCC GGA 1362 Ala Thr Ala Val Met Ser Ser Ile Pro Pro Ala Lys Ala Gly Ala Gly 405 410 415 420 GCG GGC GTG CAG GGC ACC CTG ACC GAG TTC GGC GGC GGA CTG GGA GTG 1410 Ala Gly Val Gln Gly Thr Leu Thr Glu Phe Gly Gly Gly Leu Gly Val 425 430 435 GCG ATC CTC GGC GCC GTC CTC GGC TCC CGC TTC GCC TCC CAA CTG CCC 1458 Ala Ile Leu Gly Ala Val Leu Gly Ser Arg Phe Ala Ser Gln Leu Pro 440 445 450 GCC GCC ATC ACC GGC ACC GGC TCC CTC GAC GAG GCA CTG CGC GAC GCC 1506 Ala Ala Ile Thr Gly Thr Gly Ser Leu Asp Glu Ala Leu Arg Asp Ala 455 460 465 ACA CCC CAA CAG GCC GGG CAG GTC CAC GAC GCG TTC GCC GAC GCG GTG 1554 Thr Pro Gln Gln Ala Gly Gln Val His Asp Ala Phe Ala Asp Ala Val 470 475 480 AAC ACC AGC CAA CTC ATC GGC GCC GCC GCC GTG TTC ACC GGC GGC CTG 1602 Asn Thr Ser Gln Leu Ile Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Phe Thr Gly Gly Leu 485 490 495 500 CTC GCC GCG CTG CTG CTG CAC CGC GCC GAC CGC AAG GCC GCC CCC CAG 1650 Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu Leu His Arg Ala Asp Arg Lys Ala Ala Pro Gln 505 510 515 CCC ACC GCC CCC ACC CCC GAA CCC ACC ACC ACC GCC TGACCCCCGG 1696 Pro Thr Ala Pro Thr Pro Glu Pro Thr Thr Thr Ala 520 525 CCCGCCGGGC ACCACACAAC CCACGGCCCC ACCCCTGCGG CTCCCCACCG GGACCCACAG 1756 GGGCGGGGCC GTGCCGCTGC CCTGCCCACA CACACAGCCC CCACACACAC AGCCCCCGCA 1816 CGGCCGACAG CGCCGGG 1833 695 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 212..695 /product= “Gene SnaC” 7 CTCGAGCCGC GCCCCCAGGT GCTGGTGTCG CTCGCCGTGG AGAAGGGCGC CGACGGCACC 60 GCGCCGCCGG ACCGGCTGCT GATCCACGAC GGCTTCCCCT GGGGCCGCGC CGCCCCGCGC 120 GAAGCGGAGC TGCCCACCGG GCACCGCGCC CTGCCGGCCC TGGCCGGCGC CGCCCGCTGA 180 GGCGCGGCAA CCACCAACAG AAGGAGCCCC C GTG ACA GGA GCC GAC GAC CCG 232 Val Thr Gly Ala Asp Asp Pro 1 5 GCA AGG CCC GCG GTC GGC CCG CAG AGT TTC CGA GAC GCG ATG GCG CAG 280 Ala Arg Pro Ala Val Gly Pro Gln Ser Phe Arg Asp Ala Met Ala Gln 10 15 20 CTG GCG TCG CCC GTC ACC GTC GTA ACC GTC CTC GAC GCG GCC GGA CGC 328 Leu Ala Ser Pro Val Thr Val Val Thr Val Leu Asp Ala Ala Gly Arg 25 30 35 CGC CAC GGC TTC ACG GCC GGC TCG GTG GTC TCT GTG TCG CTG GAC CCG 376 Arg His Gly Phe Thr Ala Gly Ser Val Val Ser Val Ser Leu Asp Pro 40 45 50 55 CCG CTG GTG ATG GTC GGC ATC GCG CTC ACC TCC AGC TGC CAC ACG GCG 424 Pro Leu Val Met Val Gly Ile Ala Leu Thr Ser Ser Cys His Thr Ala 60 65 70 ATG GCC GCC GCC GCC GAG TTC TGC GTC AGC ATC CTC GGC GAG GAC CAG 472 Met Ala Ala Ala Ala Glu Phe Cys Val Ser Ile Leu Gly Glu Asp Gln 75 80 85 CGC GCC GTC GCG AAG CGG TGC GCG ACG CAC GGC GCC GAC CGG TTC GCG 520 Arg Ala Val Ala Lys Arg Cys Ala Thr His Gly Ala Asp Arg Phe Ala 90 95 100 GGC GGC GAG TTC GCC GCC TGG GAC GGT ACG GGG GTG CCC TAC CTG CCG 568 Gly Gly Glu Phe Ala Ala Trp Asp Gly Thr Gly Val Pro Tyr Leu Pro 105 110 115 GAC GCC AAG GTC GTC CTG CGC TGC CGC ACC ACG GAC GTG GTG CGC GCC 616 Asp Ala Lys Val Val Leu Arg Cys Arg Thr Thr Asp Val Val Arg Ala 120 125 130 135 GGC GAC CAC GAC CTG GTG CTC GGC ACG CCC GTG GAG ATC CGC ACG GGC 664 Gly Asp His Asp Leu Val Leu Gly Thr Pro Val Glu Ile Arg Thr Gly 140 145 150 GAC CCG GCG AAG CCA CCC CTG CTG TGG TAC C 695 Asp Pro Ala Lys Pro Pro Leu Leu Trp Tyr 155 160 640 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 1..640 /product= “gene SnaD” 8 GCG ACC GCC CGG CTC ATC GGC CCG CTG CCG CGC CGG CTG GGC CTC CAG 48 Ala Thr Ala Arg Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Pro Arg Arg Leu Gly Leu Gln 1 5 10 15 GTG CAC CAG GTG ATG ACG GGC GCG TTC GCG CAG GCC CTC GCC CGC TGG 96 Val His Gln Val Met Thr Gly Ala Phe Ala Gln Ala Leu Ala Arg Trp 20 25 30 CGG GGC AGC CGC GCC GTC ACC TTC GAC GTG GAG ACC CAC GGA CGG CAC 144 Arg Gly Ser Arg Ala Val Thr Phe Asp Val Glu Thr His Gly Arg His 35 40 45 GGC CGC GAC GAA CTG TTC CGT ACC GTC GGC TGG TTC ACC TCC ATC CAC 192 Gly Arg Asp Glu Leu Phe Arg Thr Val Gly Trp Phe Thr Ser Ile His 50 55 60 CCC GTC GTC CTG GGC GCG GAC CGC TCC GTG CAC CCC GAG CAG TAC CTC 240 Pro Val Val Leu Gly Ala Asp Arg Ser Val His Pro Glu Gln Tyr Leu 65 70 75 80 GCC CAG ATC GGC GCG GCG CTG ACC GCC GTA CCG GAC GGC GGC GTC GGC 288 Ala Gln Ile Gly Ala Ala Leu Thr Ala Ala Pro Asp Gly Gly Val Gly 85 90 95 TTC GGC GCC TGC CGC GAG TTC TCC CCG GAC GCC GGG CTG CGC ACT CTG 336 Phe Gly Ala Cys Arg Glu Phe Ser Pro Asp Ala Gly Leu Arg Thr Leu 100 105 110 CTG CGT GAC CTG CCG CCC GCC CTG GTG TGC TTC AAC TAC TAC GGT CAG 384 Leu Arg Asp Leu Pro Pro Ala Leu Val Cys Phe Asn Tyr Tyr Gly Gln 115 120 125 GCC GAC CAG TTG AGC CCG AAC GGC GGT TTC CGT ATG TCG GGC CGT CCC 432 Ala Asp Gln Leu Ser Pro Asn Gly Gly Phe Arg Met Ser Gly Arg Pro 130 135 140 ATC CCG CGC GAG CAC TCC GCC CGC TGC GAG CGC GTC TAC GGC ATC GAG 480 Ile Pro Arg Glu His Ser Ala Arg Cys Glu Arg Val Tyr Gly Ile Glu 145 150 155 160 GTG TAC GGC ATC GTC CAC GGC GGC CGC CTG CGC ATG GGC CTG ACC TGG 528 Val Tyr Gly Ile Val His Gly Gly Arg Leu Arg Met Gly Leu Thr Trp 165 170 175 GTG CCG AGC CCG GCG GAC GGT GTG GAC GAG GCC GGC GTC GAC GCG CTC 576 Val Pro Ser Pro Ala Asp Gly Val Asp Glu Ala Gly Val Asp Ala Leu 180 185 190 GTG GAG CAG ATG AGC TGG GTG CTG GCC ACG CTC GCG GGC GCC GAC CCG 624 Val Glu Gln Met Ser Trp Val Leu Ala Thr Leu Ala Gly Ala Asp Pro 195 200 205 CAC GCC GTG ACC CCG G 640 His Ala Val Thr Pro 210 645 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 61..645 /product= “gene papA” 9 GGCGTCAAGA ACCTGCCGCT GACCGTACGG CGCGGCTGAC ACAGACAAGG GGGCCACCTG 60 GTG CGC ACC GTG CGA ACC CTG CTG ATC GAC AAC TAC GAC TCG TTC ACC 108 Val Arg Thr Val Arg Thr Leu Leu Ile Asp Asn Tyr Asp Ser Phe Thr 1 5 10 15 TAC AAC CTC TTC CAG ATG CTG GCC GAG GTG AAC GGC GCC GCT CCG CTC 156 Tyr Asn Leu Phe Gln Met Leu Ala Glu Val Asn Gly Ala Ala Pro Leu 20 25 30 GTC GTC CGC AAC GAC GAC ACC CGC ACC TGG CAG GCC CTG GCG CCG GGC 204 Val Val Arg Asn Asp Asp Thr Arg Thr Trp Gln Ala Leu Ala Pro Gly 35 40 45 GAC TTC GAC AAC GTC GTC GTC TCA CCC GGC CCC GGC CAC CCC GCC ACC 252 Asp Phe Asp Asn Val Val Val Ser Pro Gly Pro Gly His Pro Ala Thr 50 55 60 GAC ACC GAC CTG GGC CTC AGC CGC CGG GTG ATC ACC GAA TGG GAC CTG 300 Asp Thr Asp Leu Gly Leu Ser Arg Arg Val Ile Thr Glu Trp Asp Leu 65 70 75 80 CCG CTG CTC GGG GTG TGC CTG GGC CAC CAG GCC CTG TGC CTG CTC GCC 348 Pro Leu Leu Gly Val Cys Leu Gly His Gln Ala Leu Cys Leu Leu Ala 85 90 95 GGC GCC GCC GTC GTC CAC GCA CCC GAA CCC TTT CAC GGC CGC ACC AGC 396 Gly Ala Ala Val Val His Ala Pro Glu Pro Phe His Gly Arg Thr Ser 100 105 110 GAC ATC CGC CAC GAC GGG CAG GGC CTG TTC GCG AAC ATC CCC TCC CCG 444 Asp Ile Arg His Asp Gly Gln Gly Leu Phe Ala Asn Ile Pro Ser Pro 115 120 125 CTG ACC GTG GTC CGC TAC CAC TCG CTG ACC GTC CGG CAA CTG CCC GCC 492 Leu Thr Val Val Arg Tyr His Ser Leu Thr Val Arg Gln Leu Pro Ala 130 135 140 GAC CTG CGC GCC ACC GCC CAC ACC GCC GAC GGG CAG CTG ATG GCC GTC 540 Asp Leu Arg Ala Thr Ala His Thr Ala Asp Gly Gln Leu Met Ala Val 145 150 155 160 GCC CAC CGC CAC CTG CCC CGC TTC GGC GTG CAG TTC CAC CCC GAA TCG 588 Ala His Arg His Leu Pro Arg Phe Gly Val Gln Phe His Pro Glu Ser 165 170 175 ATC AGC AGC GAA CAC GGC CAC CGG ATG CTC GCC AAC TTC CGC GAC CTG 636 Ile Ser Ser Glu His Gly His Arg Met Leu Ala Asn Phe Arg Asp Leu 180 185 190 TCC CTG CGC 645 Ser Leu Arg 195 1052 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 84..962 /product= “Gene PapM” 10 CTCGAGGACG AGTGGATCGC CTCCGGCGGC GCCCCCGTCC CCACGCCCGT GCACGCGTCC 60 GCGTCCGCGC GGGGGGCCGT GTC GTG ACC GCC GCC GCA CCC ACC CTC GCC 110 Val Thr Ala Ala Ala Pro Thr Leu Ala 1 5 CAG GCG CTG GAC GAG GCC ACC GGG CAG CTG ACC GGC GCC GGG ATC ACC 158 Gln Ala Leu Asp Glu Ala Thr Gly Gln Leu Thr Gly Ala Gly Ile Thr 10 15 20 25 GCC GAC GCC GCC CGG GCC GAC ACC CGG CTG CTG GCC GCC CAC GCC TGC 206 Ala Asp Ala Ala Arg Ala Asp Thr Arg Leu Leu Ala Ala His Ala Cys 30 35 40 CAG GTC GCC CCG GGG GAC CTC GAC ACC TGC CTG GCC GGC CCG GTG CCG 254 Gln Val Ala Pro Gly Asp Leu Asp Thr Cys Leu Ala Gly Pro Val Pro 45 50 55 CCC CGG TTC TGG CAC TAC GTC CGG CGC CGT CTG ACC CGC GAA CCC GCC 302 Pro Arg Phe Trp His Tyr Val Arg Arg Arg Leu Thr Arg Glu Pro Ala 60 65 70 GAA CGC ATC GTC GGC CAC GCC TAC TTC ATG GGC CAC CGC TTC GAC CTG 350 Glu Arg Ile Val Gly His Ala Tyr Phe Met Gly His Arg Phe Asp Leu 75 80 85 GCC CCC GGC GTC TTC GTC CCC AAA CCC GAG ACC GAG GAG ATC ACC CGG 398 Ala Pro Gly Val Phe Val Pro Lys Pro Glu Thr Glu Glu Ile Thr Arg 90 95 100 105 GAC GCC ATC GCC CGC CTG GAG GCC CTC GTC CGC CGC GGC ACC ACC GCA 446 Asp Ala Ile Ala Arg Leu Glu Ala Leu Val Arg Arg Gly Thr Thr Ala 110 115 120 CCC CTG GTC GTC GAC CTG TGC GCC GGA CCG GGC ACC ATG GCC GTC ACC 494 Pro Leu Val Val Asp Leu Cys Ala Gly Pro Gly Thr Met Ala Val Thr 125 130 135 CTG GCC CGC CAC GTA CCG GCC GCC CGC GTC CTG GGC ATC GAA CTC TCC 542 Leu Ala Arg His Val Pro Ala Ala Arg Val Leu Gly Ile Glu Leu Ser 140 145 150 CAG GCC GCC GCC CGC GCC GCC CGG CGC AAC GCC CGC GGC ACC GGC GCC 590 Gln Ala Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala Arg Arg Asn Ala Arg Gly Thr Gly Ala 155 160 165 CGC ATC GTG CAG GGC GAC GCC CGC GAC GCC TTC CCC GAA CTG AGC GGC 638 Arg Ile Val Gln Gly Asp Ala Arg Asp Ala Phe Pro Glu Leu Ser Gly 170 175 180 185 ACC GTC GAC CTC GTC GTC ACC AAC CCG CCC TAC ATC CCC ATC GGA CTG 686 Thr Val Asp Leu Val Val Thr Asn Pro Pro Tyr Ile Pro Ile Gly Leu 190 195 200 CGC ACC TCC GCA CCC GAA GTG CTC GAG CAC GAC CCG CCG CTG GCC CTG 734 Arg Thr Ser Ala Pro Glu Val Leu Glu His Asp Pro Pro Leu Ala Leu 205 210 215 TGG GCC GGG GAG GAG GGC CTC GGC ATG ATC CGC GCC ATG GAA CGC ACC 782 Trp Ala Gly Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly Met Ile Arg Ala Met Glu Arg Thr 220 225 230 GCG GCC CGG CTG CTG GCC CCC GGC GGC GTC CTG CTC CTC GAA CAC GGC 830 Ala Ala Arg Leu Leu Ala Pro Gly Gly Val Leu Leu Leu Glu His Gly 235 240 245 TCC TAC CAA CTC GCC TCC GTG CCC GCC CTG TTC CGC GCA ACC GGC CGC 878 Ser Tyr Gln Leu Ala Ser Val Pro Ala Leu Phe Arg Ala Thr Gly Arg 250 255 260 265 TGG AGC CAC GCC TCG TCC CGT CCC ACC TGC AAC GAC GGC TGC CTG ACC 926 Trp Ser His Ala Ser Ser Arg Pro Thr Cys Asn Asp Gly Cys Leu Thr 270 275 280 GCC GTA CGC AAC CAC ACC TGC GCA CCG CCC GCC TGACACGGCG TCACGGCA C979 Ala Val Arg Asn His Thr Cys Ala Pro Pro Ala 285 290 GCCGGCCTGT CGGCAACGAC CCTACGCCAT TGACAAACCG ACCGTGCCGT TTTTTTAATG 1039 TCGGGGTGGC GGA 1052 227 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 3..227 /product= “Partie du gene SnbC” 11 AG ATC TTC GAG CAC AAG ACC GTC GCC CAG CTC GCA CCC GTC GCC GAG 47 Ile Phe Glu His Lys Thr Val Ala Gln Leu Ala Pro Val Ala Glu 1 5 10 15 ACG CTC GCC GAC ACC ACC CGC GAG GAA CCC GCC GCC GTC GCC GCG ACC 95 Thr Leu Ala Asp Thr Thr Arg Glu Glu Pro Ala Ala Val Ala Ala Thr 20 25 30 GGC GAC GTA CCG CTC ACC CCG ATC ATG CAC TGG CTG CGC GAA CGC GGC 143 Gly Asp Val Pro Leu Thr Pro Ile Met His Trp Leu Arg Glu Arg Gly 35 40 45 GGC CCC GTC GAC GCG TTC AGC CAG ACG ATG GCC GTC ACC GTC CCC GCC 191 Gly Pro Val Asp Ala Phe Ser Gln Thr Met Ala Val Thr Val Pro Ala 50 55 60 GGC CTG GAC CGG GAA CGG CTC GTG GCC GCC CTG CAG 227 Gly Leu Asp Arg Glu Arg Leu Val Ala Ala Leu Gln 65 70 75 247 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 1..247 /product= “Partie du gene SnbC” 12 CTC GAG TAC GAC ACC GCC CTG TAC GAG CGG GCC ACC GCC GAA GCC CTC 48 Leu Glu Tyr Asp Thr Ala Leu Tyr Glu Arg Ala Thr Ala Glu Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 ACC GGC CGG CTG CTG CGG CTC CTC GAC GCC GTC GTC ACC GAC CCG CAG 96 Thr Gly Arg Leu Leu Arg Leu Leu Asp Ala Val Val Thr Asp Pro Gln 20 25 30 GCG CCG GTC GGC TCC CAC GAC CTC CTC GAA GAG GCC GAA CAC GCC CGC 144 Ala Pro Val Gly Ser His Asp Leu Leu Glu Glu Ala Glu His Ala Arg 35 40 45 CTG GCA GCC TTC AAC GAC ACC GCC CGG CCC GTG CCG CGA GCC GGC CTC 192 Leu Ala Ala Phe Asn Asp Thr Ala Arg Pro Val Pro Arg Ala Gly Leu 50 55 60 GCC GAA CTC TTC ACC GCC CAG GCC CGC CGC ACC GCC GAT GCG GTC GCC 240 Ala Glu Leu Phe Thr Ala Gln Ala Arg Arg Thr Ala Asp Ala Val Ala 65 70 75 80 GTC GTC G 247 Val Val 192 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 3..192 /product= “Partie du gene SnbD” 13 GC ATG CCC CCC GTC ACC CCC TAC CGC GCC TAC CTG GCC CAC CTC GCC 47 Met Pro Pro Val Thr Pro Tyr Arg Ala Tyr Leu Ala His Leu Ala 1 5 10 15 GGC CGT GAC GAC GAC GCC GCC CGC GCC GCG TGG CGG ACC GCC CTC GCG 95 Gly Arg Asp Asp Asp Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala Trp Arg Thr Ala Leu Ala 20 25 30 GAC CTG GAG GAG CCG AGC CTC GTC GCG GGC GCC GGA GCA GGC CGC GGC 143 Asp Leu Glu Glu Pro Ser Leu Val Ala Gly Ala Gly Ala Gly Arg Gly 35 40 45 GCC GCC GAC GGC TCC GCC CTG CCC GGC CAG ATC CCC GGT TAC CGA GCT 192 Ala Ala Asp Gly Ser Ala Leu Pro Gly Gln Ile Pro Gly Tyr Arg Ala 50 55 60 474 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 1..474 /product= “Partie du gene SnbD” 14 CTG CAG GTC GAG GGC CGG CCC GCG CAC CTG GAA CTG CCC TGC GAC CAC 48 Leu Gln Val Glu Gly Arg Pro Ala His Leu Glu Leu Pro Cys Asp His 1 5 10 15 CCC CGG CCC GCC GTC GCC ACC CAC CGC GGC GCC ACC GTG CCC TTC CAC 96 Pro Arg Pro Ala Val Ala Thr His Arg Gly Ala Thr Val Pro Phe His 20 25 30 ATC GAC GCC GGC CTC CAC GAG AAG CTG ACC GCG CTC TCC AAG GCC TGC 144 Ile Asp Ala Gly Leu His Glu Lys Leu Thr Ala Leu Ser Lys Ala Cys 35 40 45 GAC AGC AGC CTG TTC ATG GTG CTC CAG GCC GCG GTC GCC GCC CTG CTC 192 Asp Ser Ser Leu Phe Met Val Leu Gln Ala Ala Val Ala Ala Leu Leu 50 55 60 ACC CGG CAC GGC GCC GGC ACC GAC ATC CCC GTC GGC AGC CCC GTC GCC 240 Thr Arg His Gly Ala Gly Thr Asp Ile Pro Val Gly Ser Pro Val Ala 65 70 75 80 GGC CGC ACC GAC GAC GCC CTC GAC GAC CTG GTG GGC TTC TTC GTC AAC 288 Gly Arg Thr Asp Asp Ala Leu Asp Asp Leu Val Gly Phe Phe Val Asn 85 90 95 ACC CTC GTC CTG CGC ACC GAC ACC TCC GGC GAC CCC ACC TTC CGC GAA 336 Thr Leu Val Leu Arg Thr Asp Thr Ser Gly Asp Pro Thr Phe Arg Glu 100 105 110 CTC GTC GCA CGC GTG CGG CAG TTC GAC CTC GCC GCC TAC ACG CAC CAG 384 Leu Val Ala Arg Val Arg Gln Phe Asp Leu Ala Ala Tyr Thr His Gln 115 120 125 GAC ATG CCG TTC GAA AAG CTC GTC GAA GAG GTC AAC CCC GAG CGC TCC 432 Asp Met Pro Phe Glu Lys Leu Val Glu Glu Val Asn Pro Glu Arg Ser 130 135 140 CTG GCC CGC AAC CCG CTC TTC CAG GTC GTC CTG GCG CTG CAG 474 Leu Ala Arg Asn Pro Leu Phe Gln Val Val Leu Ala Leu Gln 145 150 155 485 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 3..485 /product= “Partie du gene SnbE” 15 GC ATG CCG CGC TCC CTC GAC CTG TAC GTC GCA CTG CTC GCC GTC CTC 47 Met Pro Arg Ser Leu Asp Leu Tyr Val Ala Leu Leu Ala Val Leu 1 5 10 15 AAG ACC GGC GCC GCC TAC CTG CCC GTC GAC ATC TCC TAC CCG GCC GAA 95 Lys Thr Gly Ala Ala Tyr Leu Pro Val Asp Ile Ser Tyr Pro Ala Glu 20 25 30 CGC ATC GCG TTC ATG ATC GAG GAC GCC CGC CCG GTG ACC GTC CTC GAC 143 Arg Ile Ala Phe Met Ile Glu Asp Ala Arg Pro Val Thr Val Leu Asp 35 40 45 CGC CTG CCC GAC GAC CTG GGC GCC TAC CGG GAC ACC GAC CTC ACC GAC 191 Arg Leu Pro Asp Asp Leu Gly Ala Tyr Arg Asp Thr Asp Leu Thr Asp 50 55 60 GCC GAC CGC ACG GCG CCG CTA CGG CCC GAA CAC CCG GCG TAC GTC ATC 239 Ala Asp Arg Thr Ala Pro Leu Arg Pro Glu His Pro Ala Tyr Val Ile 65 70 75 CAC ACC TCC GGC TCC ACC GGC ACC CCC AAG GCC GTC GTC ATG CCC CAC 287 His Thr Ser Gly Ser Thr Gly Thr Pro Lys Ala Val Val Met Pro His 80 85 90 95 GCC GGC CTG GTC AAC CTG CTG ACC TGG CAC GCC CGC CGC TTC CCC GGC 335 Ala Gly Leu Val Asn Leu Leu Thr Trp His Ala Arg Arg Phe Pro Gly 100 105 110 GGC ACC GGG GTG CGC ACC GCC CAG TTC ACC GCC ATC GGC TTC GAC TTC 383 Gly Thr Gly Val Arg Thr Ala Gln Phe Thr Ala Ile Gly Phe Asp Phe 115 120 125 TCG GTG CAG GAG ATC CTC TCC CCG CTC GTC ATG GGC AAG ACC CTC GCC 431 Ser Val Gln Glu Ile Leu Ser Pro Leu Val Met Gly Lys Thr Leu Ala 130 135 140 GTG CCC TCG GAA GAG GTC CGC CAC AGC GCC GAA CTG CTG GCC GGC TGG 479 Val Pro Ser Glu Glu Val Arg His Ser Ala Glu Leu Leu Ala Gly Trp 145 150 155 CTC GAG 485 Leu Glu 160 291 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO S.pristinaespiralis CDS 1..291 /product= “Partie du gene SnbE” 16 CTG CAG GCC GAG GGC GCC GAA GTG AGC CTG CTG GCC GTC CTC GAC GGC 48 Leu Gln Ala Glu Gly Ala Glu Val Ser Leu Leu Ala Val Leu Asp Gly 1 5 10 15 TAC CCC GAC GCC TAC GAC GGC ACC GAG CAC GAG GTC GGC GAG GAA CAG 96 Tyr Pro Asp Ala Tyr Asp Gly Thr Glu His Glu Val Gly Glu Glu Gln 20 25 30 GTC CTG GCG ATC CTC CTC AAC GCC GCC GGC GTC GAC CGG GCC CAG GCC 144 Val Leu Ala Ile Leu Leu Asn Ala Ala Gly Val Asp Arg Ala Gln Ala 35 40 45 TTC GGC GAC GCC CCC CTC CAA CGG GCC GCC GTG CTC GAG AAG CTG CGC 192 Phe Gly Asp Ala Pro Leu Gln Arg Ala Ala Val Leu Glu Lys Leu Arg 50 55 60 GAC AGC GGC AGC GCC CTG GGC AAC CTC GAC GAC GAC GCG GTC GGC CGC 240 Asp Ser Gly Ser Ala Leu Gly Asn Leu Asp Asp Asp Ala Val Gly Arg 65 70 75 80 ATG GTC ACC GTC TTC CTC AAC AAC ACG CGC CTC ATC CAG AAC TTC CGG 288 Met Val Thr Val Phe Leu Asn Asn Thr Arg Leu Ile Gln Asn Phe Arg 85 90 95 CCC 291 Pro 422 amino acids amino acid single linear 17 Met Thr Ala Pro Arg Arg Arg Ile Thr Leu Ala Gly Ile Ile Asp Gly 1 5 10 15 Pro Gly Gly His Val Ala Ala Trp Arg His Pro Ala Thr Lys Ala Asp 20 25 30 Ala Gln Leu Asp Phe Glu Phe His Arg Asp Asn Ala Arg Thr Leu Glu 35 40 45 Arg Gly Leu Phe Asp Ala Val Phe Ile Ala Asp Ile Val Ala Val Trp 50 55 60 Gly Thr Arg Leu Asp Ser Leu Cys Arg Thr Ser Arg Thr Glu His Phe 65 70 75 80 Glu Pro Leu Thr Leu Leu Ala Ala Tyr Ala Ala Val Thr Glu His Ile 85 90 95 Gly Leu Cys Ala Thr Ala Thr Thr Thr Tyr Asn Glu Pro Ala His Ile 100 105 110 Ala Ala Arg Phe Ala Ser Leu Asp His Leu Ser Gly Gly Arg Ala Gly 115 120 125 Trp Asn Val Val Thr Ser Ala Ala Pro Trp Glu Ser Ala Asn Phe Gly 130 135 140 Phe Pro Glu His Leu Glu His Gly Lys Arg Tyr Glu Arg Ala Glu Glu 145 150 155 160 Phe Ile Asp Val Val Lys Lys Leu Trp Asp Ser Asp Gly Arg Pro Val 165 170 175 Asp His Arg Gly Thr His Phe Glu Ala Pro Gly Pro Leu Gly Ile Ala 180 185 190 Arg Pro Pro Gln Gly Arg Pro Val Ile Ile Gln Ala Gly Ser Ser Pro 195 200 205 Val Gly Arg Glu Phe Ala Ala Arg His Ala Glu Val Ile Phe Thr Arg 210 215 220 His Asn Arg Leu Ser Asp Ala Gln Asp Phe Tyr Gly Asp Leu Lys Ala 225 230 235 240 Arg Val Ala Arg His Gly Arg Asp Pro Glu Lys Val Leu Val Trp Pro 245 250 255 Thr Leu Ala Pro Ile Val Ala Ala Thr Asp Thr Glu Ala Lys Gln Arg 260 265 270 Leu Gln Glu Leu Gln Asp Leu Thr His Asp His Val Ala Leu Arg Thr 275 280 285 Leu Gln Asp His Leu Gly Asp Val Asp Leu Ser Ala Tyr Pro Ile Asp 290 295 300 Gly Pro Val Pro Asp Ile Pro Tyr Thr Asn Gln Ser Gln Ser Thr Thr 305 310 315 320 Glu Arg Leu Ile Gly Leu Ala Arg Arg Glu Asn Leu Ser Ile Arg Glu 325 330 335 Leu Ala Leu Arg Leu Met Gly Asp Ile Val Val Gly Thr Pro Glu Gln 340 345 350 Leu Ala Asp His Met Glu Ser Trp Phe Thr Gly Arg Gly Ala Asp Gly 355 360 365 Phe Asn Ile Asp Phe Pro Tyr Leu Pro Gly Ser Ala Asp Asp Phe Val 370 375 380 Asp His Val Val Pro Glu Leu Gln Arg Arg Gly Leu Tyr Arg Ser Gly 385 390 395 400 Tyr Glu Gly Thr Thr Leu Arg Ala Asn Leu Gly Ile Asp Ala Pro Arg 405 410 415 Lys Ala Gly Ala Ala Ala 420 277 amino acids amino acid single linear 18 Met Thr Ala Pro Ile Leu Val Ala Thr Leu Asp Thr Arg Gly Pro Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Leu Gly Thr Ile Thr Arg Ala Val Arg Ala Ala Glu Ala Ala 20 25 30 Gly Phe Asp Ala Val Leu Ile Asp Asp Arg Ala Ala Ala Gly Val Gln 35 40 45 Gly Arg Phe Glu Thr Thr Thr Leu Thr Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Val Thr 50 55 60 Glu His Ile Gly Leu Ile Thr Ala Pro Leu Pro Ala Asp Gln Ala Pro 65 70 75 80 Tyr His Val Ser Arg Ile Thr Ala Ser Leu Asp His Leu Ala His Gly 85 90 95 Arg Thr Gly Trp Leu Ala Ser Thr Asp Thr Thr Asp Pro Glu Gly Arg 100 105 110 Thr Gly Glu Leu Ile Asp Val Val Arg Gly Leu Trp Asp Ser Phe Asp 115 120 125 Asp Asp Ala Phe Val His Asp Arg Ala Asp Gly Leu Tyr Trp Arg Leu 130 135 140 Pro Ala Val His Gln Leu Asp His Gln Gly Arg His Phe Asp Val Ala 145 150 155 160 Gly Pro Leu Asn Val Ala Arg Pro Pro Gln Gly His Pro Val Val Ala 165 170 175 Val Thr Gly Pro Ala Leu Ala Ala Ala Ala Asp Leu Val Leu Leu Asp 180 185 190 Glu Ala Ala Asp Ala Ala Ser Val Lys Gln Gln Ala Pro His Ala Lys 195 200 205 Ile Leu Leu Pro Leu Pro Gly Pro Ala Ala Glu Leu Pro Ala Asp Ser 210 215 220 Pro Ala Asp Gly Phe Thr Val Ala Leu Thr Gly Ser Asp Asp Pro Val 225 230 235 240 Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Arg Pro Gly Arg Pro Asp Arg Thr Ala Ala 245 250 255 Thr Thr Leu Arg Glu Arg Leu Gly Leu Ala Arg Pro Glu Ser Arg His 260 265 270 Ala Leu Thr Thr Ala 275 402 amino acids amino acid single linear 19 Met Ser Arg Arg Leu Phe Thr Ser Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gly His Pro 1 5 10 15 Asp Lys Ile Ala Asp Gln Ile Ser Asp Thr Val Leu Asp Ala Leu Leu 20 25 30 Arg Glu Asp Pro Ala Ser Arg Val Ala Val Glu Thr Leu Ile Thr Thr 35 40 45 Gly Gln Val His Ile Ala Gly Glu Val Thr Thr Lys Ala Tyr Ala Pro 50 55 60 Ile Ala Gln Leu Val Arg Asp Thr Ile Leu Ala Ile Gly Tyr Asp Ser 65 70 75 80 Ser Ala Lys Gly Phe Asp Gly Ala Ser Cys Gly Val Ser Val Ser Ile 85 90 95 Gly Ala Gln Ser Pro Asp Ile Ala Gln Gly Val Asp Ser Ala Tyr Glu 100 105 110 Thr Arg Val Glu Gly Glu Asp Asp Glu Leu Asp Gln Gln Gly Ala Gly 115 120 125 Asp Gln Gly Leu Met Phe Gly Tyr Ala Thr Asp Glu Thr Pro Ser Leu 130 135 140 Met Pro Leu Pro Ile Glu Leu Ala His Arg Leu Ser Arg Arg Leu Thr 145 150 155 160 Glu Val Arg Lys Asp Gly Thr Val Pro Tyr Leu Arg Pro Asp Gly Lys 165 170 175 Thr Gln Val Thr Ile Glu Tyr Gln Gly Ser Arg Pro Val Arg Leu Asp 180 185 190 Thr Val Val Val Ser Ser Gln His Ala Ala Asp Ile Asp Leu Gly Ser 195 200 205 Leu Leu Thr Pro Asp Ile Arg Glu His Val Val Glu His Val Leu Ala 210 215 220 Ala Leu Ala Glu Asp Gly Ile Lys Leu Glu Thr Asp Asn Tyr Arg Leu 225 230 235 240 Leu Val Asn Pro Thr Gly Arg Phe Glu Ile Gly Gly Pro Met Gly Asp 245 250 255 Ala Gly Leu Thr Gly Arg Lys Ile Ile Ile Asp Thr Tyr Gly Gly Met 260 265 270 Ala Arg His Gly Gly Gly Ala Phe Ser Gly Lys Asp Pro Ser Lys Val 275 280 285 Asp Arg Ser Ala Ala Tyr Ala Met Arg Trp Val Ala Lys Asn Val Val 290 295 300 Ala Ala Gly Leu Ala Ser Arg Cys Glu Val Gln Val Ala Tyr Ala Ile 305 310 315 320 Gly Lys Ala Glu Pro Val Gly Leu Phe Val Glu Thr Phe Gly Thr Gly 325 330 335 Thr Val Ala Gln Glu Arg Ile Glu Lys Ala Ile Thr Glu Val Phe Asp 340 345 350 Leu Arg Pro Ala Ala Ile Ile Arg Asp Leu Asp Leu Leu Arg Pro Ile 355 360 365 Tyr Ala Ala Thr Ala Ala Tyr Gly His Phe Gly Arg Glu Leu Pro Asp 370 375 380 Phe Thr Trp Glu Arg Thr Asp Arg Ala His Arg Leu Lys Ala Ala Ala 385 390 395 400 Gly Leu 582 amino acids amino acid single linear 20 Met Leu 1 Asp Gly Cys Val Pro Trp Pro Glu Asp Val Ala Ala Lys Tyr Arg Ala 5 10 15 Ala Gly Tyr Trp Arg Gly Glu Pro Leu Gly Met Leu Leu Gly Arg Trp 20 25 30 Ala Glu Gln Tyr Gly Glu Arg Glu Ala Leu Val Gly Ala Asp Gly Cys 35 40 45 50 Ser Arg Val Thr Tyr Arg Ala Leu Asp Arg Trp Cys Asp Arg Leu Ala 55 60 65 Ala Gly Phe Ala Ala Arg Gly Ile Gly Ala Gly Glu Arg Val Leu Val 70 75 80 Gln Leu Pro Asn Thr Pro Glu Phe Val Ala Val Cys Phe Ala Leu Phe 85 90 95 Arg Leu Gly Ala Leu Pro Val Phe Ala Leu Pro Ala His Arg Ala Ala 100 105 110 Glu Val Gly His Leu Leu Glu Leu Ser Gly Ala Val Ala His Ile Leu 115 120 125 130 Pro Gly Thr Gly Thr Gly Tyr Asp His Val Ala Ala Ala Val Glu Ala 135 140 145 Arg Ala Arg Arg Ala Arg Pro Val Gln Val Phe Val Ala Gly Glu Ala 150 155 160 Pro Ala Val Leu Pro Glu Gly Phe Thr Ala Leu Ala Asp Val Asp Gly 165 170 175 Asp Pro Val Ala Pro Ala Asp Val Asp Ala Phe Arg Arg Gly Val Phe 180 185 190 Leu Leu Ser Gly Gly Thr Thr Ala Leu Pro Lys Leu Ile Pro Arg Thr 195 200 205 210 His Asp Asp Tyr Ala Tyr Gln Cys Arg Val Thr Ala Gly Ile Cys Gly 215 220 225 Leu Asp Ala Asp Ser Val Tyr Leu Ala Val Leu Pro Ala Glu Phe Asn 230 235 240 Phe Pro Phe Gly Cys Pro Gly Ile Leu Gly Thr Leu His Ala Gly Gly 245 250 255 Arg Val Val Phe Ala Leu Ser Pro Gln Pro Glu Glu Cys Phe Ala Leu 260 265 270 Ile Glu Arg Glu His Val Thr Phe Thr Ser Val Ile Pro Thr Ile Val 275 280 285 290 His Leu Trp Leu Ala Ala Ala Ala Gln Gly His Gly Arg Asp Leu Gly 295 300 305 Ser Leu Gln Leu Leu Gln Val Gly Ser Ala Lys Leu His Glu Glu Leu 310 315 320 Ala Ala Arg Ile Gly Pro Glu Leu Gly Val Arg Leu Gln Gln Val Phe 325 330 335 Gly Met Ala Glu Gly Leu Leu Thr Phe Thr Arg Asp Asp Asp Pro Ala 340 345 350 Asp Val Val Leu Arg Thr Gln Gly Arg Pro Val Ser Glu Ala Asp Glu 355 360 365 370 Ile Arg Val Ala Asp Pro Asp Gly Arg Pro Val Pro Arg Gly Glu Thr 375 380 385 Gly Glu Leu Leu Thr Arg Gly Pro Tyr Thr Leu Arg Gly Tyr Tyr Arg 390 395 400 Ala Pro Glu His Asn Ala Arg Ala Phe Thr Glu Asp Gly Phe Tyr Arg 405 410 415 Ser Gly Asp Leu Val Arg Leu Thr Ala Asp Gly Gln Leu Val Val Glu 420 425 430 Gly Arg Ile Lys Asp Val Val Ile Arg Gly Gly Asp Lys Val Ser Ala 435 440 445 450 Thr Glu Val Glu Gly His Leu Gly Ala His Pro Asp Val Gln Gln Ala 455 460 465 Ala Val Val Ala Met Pro Asp Pro Val Trp Gly Glu Lys Val Cys Ala 470 475 480 Tyr Ile Val Pro Ala Pro Gly Arg Pro Ala Pro Pro Met Ala Ala Leu 485 490 495 Arg Arg Leu Leu Arg Ala Arg Gly Leu Ala Asp Tyr Lys Leu Pro Asp 500 505 510 Arg Val Glu Val Val Asp Ala Phe Pro Leu Thr Gly Leu Asn Lys Val 515 520 525 530 Asp Lys Lys Ala Leu Ala Ala Asp Ile Ala Ala Lys Thr Ala Pro Thr 535 540 545 Arg Pro Thr Thr Ala Gly His Gly Pro Thr Thr Asp Gly Asp Thr Ala 550 555 560 Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Gly Gly Val Thr Ala Ala Gly Gly Gly Arg 565 570 575 Glu Glu Ala Ala 580 528 amino acids amino acid single linear 21 Met Arg Thr Ser 1 Arg Ser His Asp Gln Arg Ala Pro Thr Pro Trp Arg His Pro Leu His 5 10 15 20 Ser Thr Arg Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Asp Arg Asp Pro Arg Arg Trp Val 25 30 35 Ile Leu Gly Val Ile Cys Leu Ala Gln Leu Val Val Leu Leu Asp Asn 40 45 50 Thr Val Leu Asn Val Ala Ile Pro Val Leu Thr Thr Asp Leu Gly Ala 55 60 65 Ser Thr Ala Asp Ile Gln Trp Met Ile Asn Ala Tyr Ala Leu Val Gln 70 75 80 Ser Gly Leu Leu Leu Thr Ala Gly Ser Leu Ala Asp Arg Tyr Gly Arg 85 90 95 100 Lys Arg Leu Leu Met Leu Gly Leu Val Leu Phe Gly Ala Gly Ser Ala 105 110 115 Trp Ala Ala Phe Ala Gln Asp Ser Ala Gln Leu Ile Ala Ala Arg Ala 120 125 130 Gly Met Gly Val Gly Gly Ala Leu Leu Ala Thr Thr Thr Leu Ala Val 135 140 145 Ile Met Gln Val Phe Asp Asp Asp Glu Arg Pro Arg Ala Ile Gly Leu 150 155 160 Trp Gly Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Gly Phe Ala Ala Gly Pro Leu Leu Gly 165 170 175 180 Gly Ala Leu Leu Asp His Phe Trp Trp Gly Ser Ile Phe Leu Ile Asn 185 190 195 Leu Pro Val Ala Leu Leu Gly Leu Leu Ala Val Ala Arg Leu Val Pro 200 205 210 Glu Thr Lys Asn Pro Glu Gly Arg Arg Pro Asp Leu Leu Gly Ala Val 215 220 225 Leu Ser Thr Leu Gly Met Val Gly Val Val Tyr Ala Ile Ile Ser Gly 230 235 240 Pro Glu His Gly Trp Thr Ala Pro Gln Val Leu Leu Pro Ala Ala Val 245 250 255 260 Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Thr Ala Phe Val Arg Trp Glu Leu His Thr Pro 265 270 275 His Pro Met Leu Asp Met Gly Phe Phe Thr Asp Arg Arg Phe Asn Gly 280 285 290 Pro Ser Pro Ala Glu Cys Ser Ser Phe Gly Met Ala Gly Ser Leu Phe 295 300 305 Leu Leu Thr Gln His Leu Gln Leu Val Leu Gly Tyr Asp Ala Leu Gln 310 315 320 Ala Gly Leu Arg Thr Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Thr Ile Val Ala Leu Asn 325 330 335 340 Leu Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala Lys Leu Leu Ala Ala Leu Gly Thr Ala Arg 345 350 355 Ser Ile Ala Leu Gly Met Thr Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly Leu Ser Ala Val 360 365 370 Ala Val Gly Gly Ser Gly Pro Asp Ala Gly Tyr Gly Gly Met Leu Ala 375 380 385 Gly Leu Leu Leu Met Gly Ala Gly Ile Ala Leu Ala Met Pro Ala Met 390 395 400 Ala Thr Ala Val Met Ser Ser Ile Pro Pro Ala Lys Ala Gly Ala Gly 405 410 415 420 Ala Gly Val Gln Gly Thr Leu Thr Glu Phe Gly Gly Gly Leu Gly Val 425 430 435 Ala Ile Leu Gly Ala Val Leu Gly Ser Arg Phe Ala Ser Gln Leu Pro 440 445 450 Ala Ala Ile Thr Gly Thr Gly Ser Leu Asp Glu Ala Leu Arg Asp Ala 455 460 465 Thr Pro Gln Gln Ala Gly Gln Val His Asp Ala Phe Ala Asp Ala Val 470 475 480 Asn Thr Ser Gln Leu Ile Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Phe Thr Gly Gly Leu 485 490 495 500 Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu Leu His Arg Ala Asp Arg Lys Ala Ala Pro Gln 505 510 515 Pro Thr Ala Pro Thr Pro Glu Pro Thr Thr Thr Ala 520 525 161 amino acids amino acid single linear 22 Val Thr Gly Ala Asp Asp Pro 1 5 Ala Arg Pro Ala Val Gly Pro Gln Ser Phe Arg Asp Ala Met Ala Gln 10 15 20 Leu Ala Ser Pro Val Thr Val Val Thr Val Leu Asp Ala Ala Gly Arg 25 30 35 Arg His Gly Phe Thr Ala Gly Ser Val Val Ser Val Ser Leu Asp Pro 40 45 50 55 Pro Leu Val Met Val Gly Ile Ala Leu Thr Ser Ser Cys His Thr Ala 60 65 70 Met Ala Ala Ala Ala Glu Phe Cys Val Ser Ile Leu Gly Glu Asp Gln 75 80 85 Arg Ala Val Ala Lys Arg Cys Ala Thr His Gly Ala Asp Arg Phe Ala 90 95 100 Gly Gly Glu Phe Ala Ala Trp Asp Gly Thr Gly Val Pro Tyr Leu Pro 105 110 115 Asp Ala Lys Val Val Leu Arg Cys Arg Thr Thr Asp Val Val Arg Ala 120 125 130 135 Gly Asp His Asp Leu Val Leu Gly Thr Pro Val Glu Ile Arg Thr Gly 140 145 150 Asp Pro Ala Lys Pro Pro Leu Leu Trp Tyr 155 160 213 amino acids amino acid single linear 23 Ala Thr Ala Arg Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Pro Arg Arg Leu Gly Leu Gln 1 5 10 15 Val His Gln Val Met Thr Gly Ala Phe Ala Gln Ala Leu Ala Arg Trp 20 25 30 Arg Gly Ser Arg Ala Val Thr Phe Asp Val Glu Thr His Gly Arg His 35 40 45 Gly Arg Asp Glu Leu Phe Arg Thr Val Gly Trp Phe Thr Ser Ile His 50 55 60 Pro Val Val Leu Gly Ala Asp Arg Ser Val His Pro Glu Gln Tyr Leu 65 70 75 80 Ala Gln Ile Gly Ala Ala Leu Thr Ala Ala Pro Asp Gly Gly Val Gly 85 90 95 Phe Gly Ala Cys Arg Glu Phe Ser Pro Asp Ala Gly Leu Arg Thr Leu 100 105 110 Leu Arg Asp Leu Pro Pro Ala Leu Val Cys Phe Asn Tyr Tyr Gly Gln 115 120 125 Ala Asp Gln Leu Ser Pro Asn Gly Gly Phe Arg Met Ser Gly Arg Pro 130 135 140 Ile Pro Arg Glu His Ser Ala Arg Cys Glu Arg Val Tyr Gly Ile Glu 145 150 155 160 Val Tyr Gly Ile Val His Gly Gly Arg Leu Arg Met Gly Leu Thr Trp 165 170 175 Val Pro Ser Pro Ala Asp Gly Val Asp Glu Ala Gly Val Asp Ala Leu 180 185 190 Val Glu Gln Met Ser Trp Val Leu Ala Thr Leu Ala Gly Ala Asp Pro 195 200 205 His Ala Val Thr Pro 210 195 amino acids amino acid single linear 24 Val Arg Thr Val Arg Thr Leu Leu Ile Asp Asn Tyr Asp Ser Phe Thr 1 5 10 15 Tyr Asn Leu Phe Gln Met Leu Ala Glu Val Asn Gly Ala Ala Pro Leu 20 25 30 Val Val Arg Asn Asp Asp Thr Arg Thr Trp Gln Ala Leu Ala Pro Gly 35 40 45 Asp Phe Asp Asn Val Val Val Ser Pro Gly Pro Gly His Pro Ala Thr 50 55 60 Asp Thr Asp Leu Gly Leu Ser Arg Arg Val Ile Thr Glu Trp Asp Leu 65 70 75 80 Pro Leu Leu Gly Val Cys Leu Gly His Gln Ala Leu Cys Leu Leu Ala 85 90 95 Gly Ala Ala Val Val His Ala Pro Glu Pro Phe His Gly Arg Thr Ser 100 105 110 Asp Ile Arg His Asp Gly Gln Gly Leu Phe Ala Asn Ile Pro Ser Pro 115 120 125 Leu Thr Val Val Arg Tyr His Ser Leu Thr Val Arg Gln Leu Pro Ala 130 135 140 Asp Leu Arg Ala Thr Ala His Thr Ala Asp Gly Gln Leu Met Ala Val 145 150 155 160 Ala His Arg His Leu Pro Arg Phe Gly Val Gln Phe His Pro Glu Ser 165 170 175 Ile Ser Ser Glu His Gly His Arg Met Leu Ala Asn Phe Arg Asp Leu 180 185 190 Ser Leu Arg 195 292 amino acids amino acid single linear 25 Val Thr Ala Ala Ala Pro Thr Leu Ala 1 5 Gln Ala Leu Asp Glu Ala Thr Gly Gln Leu Thr Gly Ala Gly Ile Thr 10 15 20 25 Ala Asp Ala Ala Arg Ala Asp Thr Arg Leu Leu Ala Ala His Ala Cys 30 35 40 Gln Val Ala Pro Gly Asp Leu Asp Thr Cys Leu Ala Gly Pro Val Pro 45 50 55 Pro Arg Phe Trp His Tyr Val Arg Arg Arg Leu Thr Arg Glu Pro Ala 60 65 70 Glu Arg Ile Val Gly His Ala Tyr Phe Met Gly His Arg Phe Asp Leu 75 80 85 Ala Pro Gly Val Phe Val Pro Lys Pro Glu Thr Glu Glu Ile Thr Arg 90 95 100 105 Asp Ala Ile Ala Arg Leu Glu Ala Leu Val Arg Arg Gly Thr Thr Ala 110 115 120 Pro Leu Val Val Asp Leu Cys Ala Gly Pro Gly Thr Met Ala Val Thr 125 130 135 Leu Ala Arg His Val Pro Ala Ala Arg Val Leu Gly Ile Glu Leu Ser 140 145 150 Gln Ala Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala Arg Arg Asn Ala Arg Gly Thr Gly Ala 155 160 165 Arg Ile Val Gln Gly Asp Ala Arg Asp Ala Phe Pro Glu Leu Ser Gly 170 175 180 185 Thr Val Asp Leu Val Val Thr Asn Pro Pro Tyr Ile Pro Ile Gly Leu 190 195 200 Arg Thr Ser Ala Pro Glu Val Leu Glu His Asp Pro Pro Leu Ala Leu 205 210 215 Trp Ala Gly Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly Met Ile Arg Ala Met Glu Arg Thr 220 225 230 Ala Ala Arg Leu Leu Ala Pro Gly Gly Val Leu Leu Leu Glu His Gly 235 240 245 Ser Tyr Gln Leu Ala Ser Val Pro Ala Leu Phe Arg Ala Thr Gly Arg 250 255 260 265 Trp Ser His Ala Ser Ser Arg Pro Thr Cys Asn Asp Gly Cys Leu Thr 270 275 280 Ala Val Arg Asn His Thr Cys Ala Pro Pro Ala 285 290 75 amino acids amino acid single linear 26 Ile Phe Glu His Lys Thr Val Ala Gln Leu Ala Pro Val Ala Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ala Asp Thr Thr Arg Glu Glu Pro Ala Ala Val Ala Ala Thr 20 25 30 Gly Asp Val Pro Leu Thr Pro Ile Met His Trp Leu Arg Glu Arg Gly 35 40 45 Gly Pro Val Asp Ala Phe Ser Gln Thr Met Ala Val Thr Val Pro Ala 50 55 60 Gly Leu Asp Arg Glu Arg Leu Val Ala Ala Leu Gln 65 70 75 82 amino acids amino acid single linear 27 Leu Glu Tyr Asp Thr Ala Leu Tyr Glu Arg Ala Thr Ala Glu Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 Thr Gly Arg Leu Leu Arg Leu Leu Asp Ala Val Val Thr Asp Pro Gln 20 25 30 Ala Pro Val Gly Ser His Asp Leu Leu Glu Glu Ala Glu His Ala Arg 35 40 45 Leu Ala Ala Phe Asn Asp Thr Ala Arg Pro Val Pro Arg Ala Gly Leu 50 55 60 Ala Glu Leu Phe Thr Ala Gln Ala Arg Arg Thr Ala Asp Ala Val Ala 65 70 75 80 Val Val 63 amino acids amino acid single linear 28 Met Pro Pro Val Thr Pro Tyr Arg Ala Tyr Leu Ala His Leu Ala 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg Asp Asp Asp Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala Trp Arg Thr Ala Leu Ala 20 25 30 Asp Leu Glu Glu Pro Ser Leu Val Ala Gly Ala Gly Ala Gly Arg Gly 35 40 45 Ala Ala Asp Gly Ser Ala Leu Pro Gly Gln Ile Pro Gly Tyr Arg Ala 50 55 60 158 amino acids amino acid single linear 29 Leu Gln Val Glu Gly Arg Pro Ala His Leu Glu Leu Pro Cys Asp His 1 5 10 15 Pro Arg Pro Ala Val Ala Thr His Arg Gly Ala Thr Val Pro Phe His 20 25 30 Ile Asp Ala Gly Leu His Glu Lys Leu Thr Ala Leu Ser Lys Ala Cys 35 40 45 Asp Ser Ser Leu Phe Met Val Leu Gln Ala Ala Val Ala Ala Leu Leu 50 55 60 Thr Arg His Gly Ala Gly Thr Asp Ile Pro Val Gly Ser Pro Val Ala 65 70 75 80 Gly Arg Thr Asp Asp Ala Leu Asp Asp Leu Val Gly Phe Phe Val Asn 85 90 95 Thr Leu Val Leu Arg Thr Asp Thr Ser Gly Asp Pro Thr Phe Arg Glu 100 105 110 Leu Val Ala Arg Val Arg Gln Phe Asp Leu Ala Ala Tyr Thr His Gln 115 120 125 Asp Met Pro Phe Glu Lys Leu Val Glu Glu Val Asn Pro Glu Arg Ser 130 135 140 Leu Ala Arg Asn Pro Leu Phe Gln Val Val Leu Ala Leu Gln 145 150 155 161 amino acids amino acid single linear 30 Met Pro Arg Ser Leu Asp Leu Tyr Val Ala Leu Leu Ala Val Leu 1 5 10 15 Lys Thr Gly Ala Ala Tyr Leu Pro Val Asp Ile Ser Tyr Pro Ala Glu 20 25 30 Arg Ile Ala Phe Met Ile Glu Asp Ala Arg Pro Val Thr Val Leu Asp 35 40 45 Arg Leu Pro Asp Asp Leu Gly Ala Tyr Arg Asp Thr Asp Leu Thr Asp 50 55 60 Ala Asp Arg Thr Ala Pro Leu Arg Pro Glu His Pro Ala Tyr Val Ile 65 70 75 His Thr Ser Gly Ser Thr Gly Thr Pro Lys Ala Val Val Met Pro His 80 85 90 95 Ala Gly Leu Val Asn Leu Leu Thr Trp His Ala Arg Arg Phe Pro Gly 100 105 110 Gly Thr Gly Val Arg Thr Ala Gln Phe Thr Ala Ile Gly Phe Asp Phe 115 120 125 Ser Val Gln Glu Ile Leu Ser Pro Leu Val Met Gly Lys Thr Leu Ala 130 135 140 Val Pro Ser Glu Glu Val Arg His Ser Ala Glu Leu Leu Ala Gly Trp 145 150 155 Leu Glu 160 97 amino acids amino acid single linear 31 Leu Gln Ala Glu Gly Ala Glu Val Ser Leu Leu Ala Val Leu Asp Gly 1 5 10 15 Tyr Pro Asp Ala Tyr Asp Gly Thr Glu His Glu Val Gly Glu Glu Gln 20 25 30 Val Leu Ala Ile Leu Leu Asn Ala Ala Gly Val Asp Arg Ala Gln Ala 35 40 45 Phe Gly Asp Ala Pro Leu Gln Arg Ala Ala Val Leu Glu Lys Leu Arg 50 55 60 Asp Ser Gly Ser Ala Leu Gly Asn Leu Asp Asp Asp Ala Val Gly Arg 65 70 75 80 Met Val Thr Val Phe Leu Asn Asn Thr Arg Leu Ile Gln Asn Phe Arg 85 90 95 Pro 23 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 32 ATC GAY TTY CCN TAY CTS CCS GG 23 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 33 TTC GAC GAY GAY GCN TTC GTS CAY GAC 27 33 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 34 GTS CCS TGG CCS GAG GAC GTS GCS GCS AAG TAC 33 44 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 35 GAG GTS GAG GGS CAC CTS GGS GCS CAC CCS GAC GTS CAG CAG GC 44 20 amino acids amino acid single linear 36 Val Pro Ala Ala Phe Val Pro Leu Asp Ala Leu Pro Leu Thr Gly Asn 1 5 10 15 Gly Val Leu Asp 20 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 37 GCS GCS TTC AAC GAC ACS GCS CGS CC 26 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 38 TTC GTS CCS CTS GAC GCS CTS CCS CT 26 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 39 GTS ACS CCS TAC CGS GCS TAC 21 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 40 ACS CGB CTS ATC CAG AAC TTC CGB CC 26 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 41 TTC CGS GAC GCS ATG GCS CAG CTS GC 26 38 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 42 TTC GCS GGS GGS GAG TTC GCS GCS TGG GAC GGC ACC GG 38 32 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 43 GAC CCS GCS AAG CCS CCS CTS CTS TGG TAC CG 32 

1-22. (cancelled).
 23. A method for preparing pristinamycin IIA or IIB comprising: a) specifically introducing a disabling mutation into at least one gene target in a microorganism that produces pristinamycin IA and pristinamycin IB, wherein said gene target is selected from the snbA gene (SEQ ID NO:20) and genes that hybridize to the snbA gene (SEQ ID NO:20) of Streptomyces pristinaespiralis in the presence of formamide at 42° C. with washes at 50° and 60° C. in 2×SCC and 0.1% SDS, wherein said gene target encodes a polypeptide that is a 3-hydroxypicolinic acid:adenosine 5′-monophosphate ligase; (b) selecting cells containing the mutated gene, wherein the cells are blocked in the production of pristinamycin IA and IB; (c) culturing said cells; and (d) recovering said pristinamycin IIA, pristinamycin IIB, or pristinamycin IIA and IIB.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said gene target is the snaA gene of Streptomyces pristinaespiralis (SEQ ID NO:20).
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the mutation is introduced in vitro or in situ.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the mutation comprises the substitution or deletion of one or more nucleotides in the gene target.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the mutation comprises the addition of one or more nucleotides into the gene target.
 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the method comprises recovering pristinamycin IIB.
 29. The method of claim 23, wherein the method comprises recovering pristinamycin IIA.
 30. The method of claim 23, wherein the method comprises recovering both pristinamycin IIA and pristinamycin IIB. 